Abstract
Plants sense a reduction in the red to far-red light ratio as a cue of light competition and respond by accelerated growth and reproduction. These responses can be exploited in horticulture by applying far-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Responses to far-red light also have marked effects on plant defences and influence plant-herbivore and plant-carnivore interactions. It is, however, not known how changes in flowering traits induced by far-red light affect plant-pollinator interactions. We studied the effects of supplemental far-red light on tomato truss development, floral volatiles, pollen sugar and amino acid content, and the foraging behaviour of the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Far-red light significantly increased plant height, accelerated flowering and increased the number of flowers per truss. Floral volatile emission was increased in the early stages of tomato development, and sugar content was higher in pollen of plants exposed to far-red light. Pollen amino acid content was not affected. Bumblebees spent more time foraging on far-red-exposed plants and visited more flowers on these plants. We conclude that plant exposure to far-red light leads to changes in flower traits that increase the attraction of bumblebees, which has promising implications for the use of supplemental far-red LEDs in greenhouse tomato crops.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light significantly increased tomato plant height.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light accelerated tomato flowering.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Far-red light significantly increased plant height, accelerated flowering”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light increased flowers per truss.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- number of flowers per trusse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Far-red light significantly increased plant height, accelerated flowering and increased the number of flowers per truss”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light increased floral volatile emission early in development.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- early stages of tomato developmente0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- Floral volatile emissione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Floral volatile emission was increased in the early stages of tomato development”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red exposed plants had higher pollen sugar content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pollene0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte0
- Outcome
- sugar contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“sugar content was higher in pollen of plants exposed to far-red light”
Claim · model-written summary
Far-red light did not affect pollen amino acid content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Pollene0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- Pollen amino acid contente0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Pollen amino acid content was not affected.”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Bumblebees spent more time foraging on far-red exposed tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- Bumblebees spent more time foraginge0
- Direction
- moree0
BombusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Bumblebees spent more time foraging on far-red-exposed plants”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Bumblebees visited more flowers on far-red exposed tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- far-red lighte1
- Outcome
- visited more flowerse0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato crops”
e0“Bumblebees spent more time foraging on far-red-exposed plants and visited more flowers on these plants”
e1“Far-red light significantly increased plant height”
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