Abstract
The quality of strawberry fruits is a key factor in consumer choice. This study investigated the effect of potassium coupled with water and nitrogen on multiple strawberry fruits quality categories over two growing seasons (from August 2021 to April 2022 and August 2022 to April 2023) in China, to aid in the determination of water and fertilizer decisions based on consumer-orientation. In particular, a composite quadratic orthogonal rotation design with three factors and five levels was adopted to characterize volume water content (W), nitrogen (N) and potassium (K). Twelve quality indicators at three harvest stages were measured respectively. The indicators related to commodity quality, flavor quality and nutritional quality of strawberry fruits were assigned weights based on consumer orientation using analytic hierarchy process. Total soluble solid was regarded as the most important quality indicator with the weight value of 0.1387, followed by single fruit weight (0.1183). All the quality indicators of strawberry fruits were systematically evaluated based on grey relational analysis, and the response model of the comprehensive quality to the combined application of W, N and K was established for each harvest stages. The response trends of consumer-oriented quality were shown as negative parabolas basically to W, N and K in all the three harvests, except a negative linear trend to W in the third harvest and an increased linear to K in the second harvest. Notably, the low level of K supply limited the quality of strawberries, regardless of the input amount of W and N. And the coded values of the optimal combinations for W, N and K were (−0.728, 0, 0.512), (−0.440, 0, 1.682) and (−1.682, 0, 0.834) for the three harvest stages, respectively. By weighting the comprehensive quality based on the corresponding yield of strawberry for the three harvest stages over the two study seasons, the optimal application interval of W, N and K for the entire growth period was determined as: 55.05–76.45%, 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plant and 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plant, respectively. The results of this experiment provide a theoretical basis for water and fertilizer management, as well as the in-depth research of strawberry.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids had the greatest assigned consumer quality weight.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Outcome
- Total soluble solide0
- Direction
- most importante0
- Value
- 0.1387e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Total soluble solid was regarded as the most important quality indicator with the weight value of 0.1387, followed by single fruit weight (0.1183).”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Single fruit weight had an assigned consumer quality weight of 0.1183.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- single fruit weighte0
- Value
- 0.1183e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by single fruit weight (0.1183).”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Consumer-oriented quality showed broadly negative parabolic responses to water across the three harvests.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- We0
- Outcome
- consumer-oriented qualitye0
- Direction
- negative parabolase0
- Qualifier
- all the three harvestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response trends of consumer-oriented quality were shown as negative parabolas basically to W, N and K in all the three harvests, except a negative linear trend to W in the third harvest and an increased linear to K in the second harvest.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Consumer-oriented quality showed broadly negative parabolic responses to nitrogen across the three harvests.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- consumer-oriented qualitye0
- Direction
- negative parabolase0
- Qualifier
- all the three harvestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response trends of consumer-oriented quality were shown as negative parabolas basically to W, N and K in all the three harvests, except a negative linear trend to W in the third harvest and an increased linear to K in the second harvest.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Consumer-oriented quality showed broadly negative parabolic responses to potassium across the three harvests.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- consumer-oriented qualitye0
- Direction
- negative parabolase0
- Qualifier
- all the three harvestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response trends of consumer-oriented quality were shown as negative parabolas basically to W, N and K in all the three harvests, except a negative linear trend to W in the third harvest and an increased linear to K in the second harvest.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Water had a negative linear relation to quality at the third harvest.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- We0
- Outcome
- negative linear trende0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- third harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a negative linear trend to W in the third harvest”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium had an increasing linear relation to quality at the second harvest.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- increased lineare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- second harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increased linear to K in the second harvest”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Low potassium supply limited strawberry quality regardless of water and nitrogen input.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- low level of K supplye0
- Outcome
- quality of strawberriese0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of the input amount of W and Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low level of K supply limited the quality of strawberries, regardless of the input amount of W and N.”
Claim · model-written summary
The first harvest optimal coded water, nitrogen and potassium combination was −0.728, 0, 0.512.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal combinations for W, N and Ke0
- Value
- (−0.728, 0, 0.512)e0
- Qualifier
- three harvest stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coded values of the optimal combinations for W, N and K were (−0.728, 0, 0.512), (−0.440, 0, 1.682) and (−1.682, 0, 0.834) for the three harvest stages, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The second harvest optimal coded combination was −0.440, 0, 1.682.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal combinations for W, N and Ke0
- Value
- (−0.440, 0, 1.682)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coded values of the optimal combinations for W, N and K were (−0.728, 0, 0.512), (−0.440, 0, 1.682) and (−1.682, 0, 0.834) for the three harvest stages, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The third harvest optimal coded combination was −1.682, 0, 0.834.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal combinations for W, N and Ke0
- Value
- (−1.682, 0, 0.834)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the coded values of the optimal combinations for W, N and K were (−0.728, 0, 0.512), (−0.440, 0, 1.682) and (−1.682, 0, 0.834) for the three harvest stages, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal full-season water application interval was 55.05–76.45%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal application interval of We0
- Value
- 55.05–76.45%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimal application interval of W, N and K for the entire growth period was determined as: 55.05–76.45%, 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plant and 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plant, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal full-season nitrogen interval was 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plant.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal application interval of W, N and Ke0
- Value
- 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimal application interval of W, N and K for the entire growth period was determined as: 55.05–76.45%, 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plant and 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plant, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal full-season potassium interval was 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plant.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- optimal application interval of W, N and Ke0
- Value
- 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimal application interval of W, N and K for the entire growth period was determined as: 55.05–76.45%, 3.32 – 4.49 g N/plant and 4.06 – 5.47 g K2O/plant, respectively.”
t0“strawberry”
The same questions in other papers
potassium · quality: general · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- positive
- positive
- positive
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