Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate how essential oil production and associated chemical composition and related biological activity could be influenced by different cultivation treatments and distillation methods. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel), Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) were cultivated in absence of any fertilizer (control) and in presence of three different fertilizers: a chemical one with augmented mineral phosphorus and potassium, a second added with hydrolyzed organic substance and mineral phosphorus and potassium (organic–mineral) and a third one treated with a high content of organic nitrogen of protein origin (organic). The plants were subjected to steam distillation using two modalities, recycled and continuous, to obtain 32 essential oil samples. Chemical composition analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a broth microdilution method. In general, the recycled distillation method appeared to have a slightly higher yield than the continuous method. The “mineral” and “organic–mineral” treatments resulted in a higher yield compared to the “organic” or “control” treatments, and this was particularly evident in the recycled method. The “control” plants had a lower yield of essential oils. Anethole (13.9–59.5%) and estragole (13.4–52.2%) were the main constituents of the fennel oils; p-cymene and its derivatives carvacrol and thymol were the main constituents of the oregano and thyme samples. The antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 0.31 to 0.16% (v/v); a lower effect of the oregano samples and no activity of the fennel samples were observed. The essential oils failed to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Recycled distillation gave slightly higher essential oil yield than continuous distillation.
- Taxon
- Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.
Origanum vulgare.JPG?width=60)
Thymus vulgaris_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=60)
Anethum foeniculumt0 - Treatment
- recycled distillation methode0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- continuous methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
_-_Parc_Natural_de_s'Albufera%2C_Spain_2022-04-18_(02).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the recycled distillation method appeared to have a slightly higher yield than the continuous method”
t0“Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilizer gave higher essential oil yield than organic or control treatments, particularly with recycled distillation.
- Taxon
- Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.Origanum vulgareThymus vulgarisAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- “mineral”e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- recycled methode0
- Comparator
- “organic” or “control” treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The “mineral” and “organic–mineral” treatments resulted in a higher yield compared to the “organic” or “control” treatments, and this was particularly evident in the recycled method.”
t0“Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic–mineral fertilizer gave higher essential oil yield than organic or control treatments, particularly with recycled distillation.
- Taxon
- Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.Origanum vulgareThymus vulgarisAnethum foeniculumt0
- Treatment
- “organic–mineral”e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- “organic” or “control” treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The “mineral” and “organic–mineral” treatments resulted in a higher yield compared to the “organic” or “control” treatments, and this was particularly evident in the recycled method.”
t0“Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plants had lower essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.Origanum vulgareThymus vulgarisAnethum foeniculumt0
- Outcome
- yield of essential oilse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The “control” plants had a lower yield of essential oils.”
t0“Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Anethole was a main constituent of fennel oils at 13.9–59.5%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- Anetholee0
- Value
- 13.9–59.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anethole (13.9–59.5%) and estragole (13.4–52.2%) were the main constituents of the fennel oils”
Claim · model-written summary
Estragole was a main constituent of fennel oils at 13.4–52.2%.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- estragolee0
- Value
- 13.4–52.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anethole (13.9–59.5%) and estragole (13.4–52.2%) were the main constituents of the fennel oils”
Claim · model-written summary
P-cymene, carvacrol and thymol were main constituents of oregano and thyme samples.
- Taxon
- oregano and thymeOriganum vulgareThymus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- p-cymene and its derivatives carvacrol and thymole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“p-cymene and its derivatives carvacrol and thymol were the main constituents of the oregano and thyme samples”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oils showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus from 0.31 to 0.16% (v/v).
- Taxon
- thymeThymus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureuse0
- Value
- 0.31 to 0.16% (v/v)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 0.31 to 0.16% (v/v)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oregano oils had lower antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus.
- Taxon
- oreganoOriganum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- effect of the oregano samplese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower effect of the oregano samples and no activity of the fennel samples were observed”
e1“The antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureus”
Claim · model-written summary
Fennel oils had no antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus.
- Taxon
- fennelAnethum foeniculume0
- Outcome
- no activity of the fennel samplese0
- Direction
- no activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no activity of the fennel samples were observed”
e1“The antimicrobial activity of the thyme oils on Staphylococcus aureus”
Claim · model-written summary
The essential oils did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
- Taxon
- Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.Origanum vulgareThymus vulgarisAnethum foeniculumt0
- Outcome
- growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strainse0
- Direction
- failed to inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The essential oils failed to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.”
t0“Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L.”
The same questions in other papers
processing · yield · Origanum vulgare (oregano)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
processing · yield · Thymus vulgaris (thyme)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
processing · yield · Anethum foeniculum (fennel)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.