Abstract
Exponential population growth and soaring fertilizer prices are among the main challenges threating food security worldwide. Probably, substituting chemical inputs (partially or completely) with organic and/or bio-alternatives are the keys for sustainable development. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons in a randomized block design to achieve this goal, comprising the following treatments: (1) 100% mineral P and K fertilizers (T1, control), 10 g potassium humate (KH) kg-1 (T2), 10 g humic acid (HA) kg-1 (T3) and 10 g kg-1 fulvic acid (FA) (T4). For treatments from T2 to T4, supplementary doses of chemical fertilizers were added to satisfy wheat needs for P and K. Also, a combined treatment of 50% biogas (added on nitrogen bases) plus supplementary PK doses as either (i) rock phosphate and feldspars + biofertilizers (Bacillus megatherium and Bacillus circulans) (T5) or (ii) supplementary chemical P and K fertilizers were included (T6). All plots were planted with wheat and received 20% of the recommended N requirements via N2-fixation with Bacillus polymyxa while the other 80% was accomplished as ammonium nitrate (after considering the added N in organic additives). Key findings indicate that application of biogas+ supplementary chemical PK fertilizers (T6) recorded the highest increases in P and K available contents in soil. This in turn significantly raised their concentrations within different plant parts and boosted straw and grain yields during the two seasons of study. Application of 100% mineral PK (T1) recorded significantly lower values in all abovementioned parameters versus T6. Nevertheless, these two treatments (T1 and T6) recorded comparable increases in 1000-grain weight, plant height, spike lengths and number of grains per spike. Application of KH, HA and FA as partial substitutes for chemical fertilizers (T2-T4) lessened significantly nutrient bioavailability and their distribution within wheat parts; as a result, plant growth and yield components declined significantly. The least values were recorded for the treatment that received biogas+ rock phosphate and feldspar + biofertilizers (T5). Overall, straw and grain yields of wheat plants were correlated significantly with P and K contents in both shoots and grains. In conclusion, the combination between biogas and chemical fertilizers seemed to be the optimum selection to satisfy wheat needs for nutrients; hence increase their productivity under arid conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
T6 gave the highest increases in available soil P and K.
- Treatment
- biogas+ supplementary chemical PK fertilizers (T6)e0
- Outcome
- P and K available contents in soile0
- Direction
- highest increasese0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“biogas+ supplementary chemical PK fertilizers (T6) recorded the highest increases in P and K available contents in soil”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 significantly increased P and K concentrations in wheat plant parts.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“This in turn significantly raised their concentrations within different plant parts”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 increased straw and grain yields in both seasons.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“boosted straw and grain yields during the two seasons of study”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 gave significantly lower P and K availability, tissue concentrations, and yields than T6.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“100% mineral PK (T1) recorded significantly lower values in all abovementioned parameters versus T6”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 and T6 yielded comparable 1000-grain weight, plant height, spike lengths and grains per spike.
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weight, plant height, spike lengths and number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- comparable increasese0
- Comparator
- T6e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“T1 and T6) recorded comparable increases in 1000-grain weight, plant height, spike lengths and number of grains per spike”
Claim · model-written summary
KH, HA and FA significantly reduced nutrient bioavailability and wheat nutrient distribution.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- KH, HA and FA as partial substitutes for chemical fertilizers (T2-T4)e0
- Outcome
- nutrient bioavailability and their distribution within wheat partse0
- Direction
- lessenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KH, HA and FA as partial substitutes for chemical fertilizers (T2-T4) lessened significantly nutrient bioavailability and their distribution within wheat parts”
Claim · model-written summary
KH, HA and FA significantly reduced plant growth and yield components.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“plant growth and yield components declined significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 produced the lowest values among the treatments.
- Treatment
- biogas+ rock phosphate and feldspar + biofertilizers (T5)e0
- Outcome
- least valuese0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The least values were recorded for the treatment that received biogas+ rock phosphate and feldspar + biofertilizers (T5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw and grain yields correlated significantly with shoot and grain P and K contents.
- Taxon
- wheat plantsTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and grainse0
- Compound
- P and Ke0
- Outcome
- straw and grain yieldse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw and grain yields of wheat plants were correlated significantly with P and K contents in both shoots and grains”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered biogas with chemical fertilizers optimal for wheat productivity under arid conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combination between biogas and chemical fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Setting
- arid conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combination between biogas and chemical fertilizers seemed to be the optimum selection to satisfy wheat needs for nutrients; hence increase their productivity under arid conditions”
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