Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi (India) during kharif and rabi seasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 to assess the performance of 2 crop establishment methods (CEMs) of Bt-cotton [Direct sowing and transplanting] and 5 zinc (Zn) levels [0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 kg Zn/ha through zinc sulphate hepta hydrate (ZSHH) and 0.5% ZnSO4 (ZSHH) foliar spray at 60 and 90 days after planting] applied to Bt-cotton on the system productivity, production–efficiency, economic–efficiency and water–productivity of Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system; as well as their residual effects on succeeding wheat in a Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system (CWCS) in a semi–arid Indo–Gangetic Plains Region (IGPR). In succeeding wheat, the residual effects of Zn levels applied to cotton were also compared with direct effect of Zn applied to wheat by replacing the foliar Zn spray treatment of cotton with Zn @ 5 kg/ha in wheat. The results revealed that direct and residual effects of cotton CEMs were non–significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat. However, the residual effects of Zn @ 5 and 7.5 kg/ha were significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat. Direct effect of Zn @ 5 kg/ha applied in wheat was at par with residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to cotton. In general, wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively. Similarly on wheat straw yield. The influence of cotton CEMs on CWCS system productivity was non–significant. However, direct and residual effects of Zn levels induced a marked variation in CWCS system productivity as well as residual Zn fertility. Successive increase in Zn levels from 0 to 5 kg/ha in cotton resulted in significant increase in system productivity; thereafter, application of Zn @ 7.5 kg/ha revealed a non–significant influence. On an average, CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat, and by 4.8, 10 and 9.9% due to residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha over control. With successive increase in Zn–levels to cotton, a significant Zn–enrichment of wheat grain and straw was also observed. Cotton CEMs exhibited a significant influence on Zn content and uptake in wheat straw but with non-significant influence on wheat grains. Again, cotton CEMs exhibited a non–significant influence on system production–efficiency (PE), economic–efficiency (EE) and profitability. On the other hand, successive increase in Zn levels to cotton resulted in perceptible increase in system PE and EE up to 5 kg Zn/ha. Foliar Zn spray to cotton and direct Zn application to wheat also exhibited significant increase in system PE and EE over control, but, this treatment was at par with direct and residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha. There was a significant influence of CEMs and Zn levels on water–use–efficiency (WUE) and water–productivity (WP) in CWCS. Residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha applied to cotton resulted in significantly higher net returns (NR) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR). Direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha to wheat also exhibited higher NR and BCR in CWCS over control and residual effect of 2.5 kg Zn/ha. Overall, successive increase in Zn–levels led to significant enhancement in system productivity, PE, EE and water productivity up to 5 kg Zn/ha. The residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to Bt-cotton exhibited a significant influence on productivity, profitability and Zn biofortification of succeeding wheat which also remained at par with direct application of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat in a Bt-cotton–wheat cropping system in a semi–arid IGPR.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton establishment methods had a nonsignificant residual effect on wheat yield attributes and yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- cotton CEMse0
- Outcome
- yield attributes and yield of wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct and residual effects of cotton CEMs were non–significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 5 and 7.5 kg/ha Zn applications significantly affected wheat yield attributes and yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn @ 5 and 7.5 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- yield attributes and yield of wheate0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residual effects of Zn @ 5 and 7.5 kg/ha were significant on yield attributes and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct 5 kg/ha Zn on wheat performed at par with residual 5 and 7.5 kg/ha Zn on cotton.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn @ 5 kg/ha applied in wheate0
- Outcome
- at pare0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Comparator
- residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to cottone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct effect of Zn @ 5 kg/ha applied in wheat was at par with residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applied to cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2013–14 wheat grain yield 12.6% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2.5e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12.6e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–14e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2013–14 wheat grain yield 12.3% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 kg Zn/hae0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12.3e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–14e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 7.5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2013–14 wheat grain yield 12.9% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 7.5 kg Zn/hae0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 2013–14e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2014–15 wheat grain yield 9.9% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 2.5e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9.9e0
- Qualifier
- 2014–15e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2014–15 wheat grain yield 8.1% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 kg Zn/hae0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.1e0
- Qualifier
- 2014–15e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 7.5 kg/ha Zn treatment raised 2014–15 wheat grain yield 8.3% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 7.5 kg Zn/hae0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 8.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 2014–15e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat grain yield was enhanced by 12.6, 12.3 and 12.9% during 2013–14, and 9.9, 8.1 and 8.3% during 2014–15 over control due to direct and residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton establishment methods had a nonsignificant effect on cropping-system productivity.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The influence of cotton CEMs on CWCS system productivity was non–significant”
t0“in Bt-cotton:”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn to 5 kg/ha on cotton significantly increased system productivity; 7.5 kg/ha had a nonsignificant further effect.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- Zn levels from 0 to 5 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- system productivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Successive increase in Zn levels from 0 to 5 kg/ha in cotton resulted in significant increase in system productivity; thereafter, application of Zn @ 7.5 kg/ha revealed a non–significant influence”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct 5 kg Zn/ha to wheat enhanced system productivity 7.7% over control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheate0
- Outcome
- CWCS system productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 7.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 2.5 kg Zn/ha to cotton enhanced system productivity 4.8%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2.5e0
- Outcome
- CWCS system productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4.8e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat, and by 4.8, 10 and 9.9% due to residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha over control”
t0“in Bt-cotton:”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 5 kg Zn/ha to cotton enhanced system productivity 10%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 5 kg Zn/ hae0
- Outcome
- CWCS system productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 10e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat, and by 4.8, 10 and 9.9% due to residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha over control”
t0“in Bt-cotton:”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 7.5 kg Zn/ha to cotton enhanced system productivity 9.9%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 7.5 kg Zn/ hae0
- Outcome
- CWCS system productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWCS system productivity enhanced by 7.7% due to direct effect of 5 kg Zn/ha applied to wheat, and by 4.8, 10 and 9.9% due to residual effect of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha over control”
t0“in Bt-cotton:”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn levels to cotton significantly enriched wheat grain and straw Zn.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increase in Zn–levels to cottone0
- Outcome
- Zn–enrichment of wheat grain and strawe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With successive increase in Zn–levels to cotton, a significant Zn–enrichment of wheat grain and straw was also observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton establishment methods significantly affected wheat-straw Zn content and uptake but not wheat-grain Zn.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Cotton CEMse0
- Outcome
- Zn content and uptake in wheat strawe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton CEMs exhibited a significant influence on Zn content and uptake in wheat straw but with non-significant influence on wheat grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton establishment methods had nonsignificant effects on system production and economic efficiency and profitability.
- Taxon
- Bt-cottont0
- Treatment
- cotton CEMse0
- Outcome
- system production–efficiency (PE), economic–efficiency (EE) and profitabilitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“cotton CEMs exhibited a non–significant influence on system production–efficiency (PE), economic–efficiency (EE) and profitability”
t0“in Bt-cotton:”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn levels up to 5 kg/ha increased system production and economic efficiency.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Zn levels to cottone0
- Outcome
- system PE and EEe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- up to 5 kg Zn/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“successive increase in Zn levels to cotton resulted in perceptible increase in system PE and EE up to 5 kg Zn/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ha applications to cotton produced significantly higher net returns and benefit-cost ratios.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha applied to cottone0
- Outcome
- net returns (NR) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual effects of 5 and 7.5 kg Zn/ ha applied to cotton resulted in significantly higher net returns (NR) and benefit: cost ratio (BCR)”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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- positive
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See all 49 papers →zinc atom · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
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1 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.