Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of cane girdling on the ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit cultivar, both in terms of leaf physiological functions and fruit quality attributes, at harvest and post-storage. Four treatments were conducted: the control cane girdling conducted separately in August (GA), in September (GS), and both in August and September (double girdling) (GAS), using different canes. The results indicated that the carbon assimilation rate was reduced in girdled canes. Nevertheless, girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter (by 1.7%), weight (by 6.4%), and dimensions without altering fruit shape. Additionally, fruits produced on girdled canes exhibited higher total soluble solids content (by almost 13%) and TSS-to-TA ratio post-storage. There were no significant differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, organic acids, and most sugars assessed, both at harvest and post-storage. There were no significant differences among the treatments at harvest regarding total phenolic compounds, except for total flavonoids, which were lowest in the GA treatment. Post-storage, girdling (especially GAS and GS) was found to enhance the fruits’ total phenols and total flavanols, as well as its antioxidant capacity (1.88 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FW based on DPPH assay under GS versus (0.53 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FW under control). Overall, cane girdling can improve the quality of kiwifruit in terms of both fruit size and functional fruit properties.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling reduced carbon assimilation in kiwifruit canes.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Treatment
- girdled canese0
- Outcome
- carbon assimilation ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the carbon assimilation rate was reduced in girdled canes.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling raised kiwifruit dry matter by 1.7%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- fruit dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter (by 1.7%), weight (by 6.4%), and dimensions without altering fruit shape.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling raised kiwifruit weight by 6.4%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter (by 1.7%), weight (by 6.4%), and dimensions without altering fruit shape.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling increased kiwifruit dimensions.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- dimensionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter (by 1.7%), weight (by 6.4%), and dimensions without altering fruit shape.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling did not alter kiwifruit shape.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdlinge0
- Outcome
- fruit shapee0
- Direction
- without alteringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter (by 1.7%), weight (by 6.4%), and dimensions without altering fruit shape.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from girdled canes had nearly 13% higher soluble solids after storage.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdled canese0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- almost 13%e0
- Qualifier
- post-storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits produced on girdled canes exhibited higher total soluble solids content (by almost 13%) and TSS-to-TA ratio post-storage.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit from girdled canes had a higher TSS-to-TA ratio after storage.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdled canese0
- Outcome
- TSS-to-TA ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- post-storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits produced on girdled canes exhibited higher total soluble solids content (by almost 13%) and TSS-to-TA ratio post-storage.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling did not significantly change chlorophyll or carotenoids, organic acids or most sugars at harvest or post-storage.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdlinge1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, organic acids, and most sugarse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, organic acids, and most sugars assessed, both at harvest and post-storage.”
e1“girdling resulted in increased fruit dry matter”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic compounds did not significantly differ among treatments at harvest.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences among the treatments at harvest regarding total phenolic compounds, except for total flavonoids, which were lowest in the GA treatment.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoids were lowest with August girdling at harvest.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- GA treatmente0
- Outcome
- total flavonoidse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total flavonoids, which were lowest in the GA treatment.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling, especially double or September girdling, increased post-storage total phenols and flavanols.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- girdling (especially GAS and GS)e0
- Outcome
- fruits’ total phenols and total flavanolse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- Post-storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Post-storage, girdling (especially GAS and GS) was found to enhance the fruits’ total phenols and total flavanols, as well as its antioxidant capacity”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Girdling enhanced post-storage kiwifruit antioxidant capacity; September girdling reached 1.88 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram versus 0.53 under control.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- GSe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 1.88 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FWe0
- Qualifier
- 0.53 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FWe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Post-storage, girdling (especially GAS and GS) was found to enhance the fruits’ total phenols and total flavanols, as well as its antioxidant capacity (1.88 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FW based on DPPH assay under GS versus (0.53 μmol equiv. Trolox g−1 FW under control).”
t0“kiwifruit”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.