Abstract
Coating materials generally a provide physical barrier to control instant dissolution of the urea fertilizer thereby delaying its consequent reactions in soil. The use of zinc salt as coating material causes slow dissolution of urea due to physical impact and hence minimizes immediate urea hydrolysis, ammonia (NH3) volatilization and enhances N utilization in crop production. The current investigation studied the impact of Bioactive Zincated urea on NH3 losses, yield parameters and quality traits of maize and rice crops grown under field conditions. Treatments included Bioactive zincated urea (ZU) was applied at 100%, 90% and 80% of recommended N rates (RNR) (125 and 160 kg N ha-1 for rice and maize, respectively) having a control (zero N application), conventional urea at RNR (CU100) without Zn and along with Zn (CU+Zn) treatments. The NH3 losses were recorded at 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after application of each split application of N treatments. The results indicated 117 and 6% increase in maize grain and 167 and 2.7% in total paddy yield as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn, respectively while the corresponding increase in grain Zn concentration was 37 and 15% in maize and 25 and 14% in rice, respectively. Similarly, the corresponding grain N increases were 16 and 22%. Furthermore, ZU100 application markedly decreased NH3 volatilization (5 to 14% in maize and 2 to 24% in rice field) as compared to CU100. The studies clearly elucidates the effectiveness of Bioactive zincated urea in increasing yield and quality of crops (rice and maize); the lower N application (up to 80% of RNR) is possible without imminent impact on crop yield as well as on environment owing to lower N losses.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Bioactive zincated urea increased maize grain yield by 117% compared with the no-Zn control.
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- maize graine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 117e0
- Comparator
- control (no Zn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“117 and 6% increase in maize grain and 167 and 2.7% in total paddy yield”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioactive zincated urea increased maize grain yield by 6% compared with conventional urea plus Zn.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“117 and 6% increase in maize grain and 167 and 2.7% in total paddy yield”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioactive zincated urea increased total paddy yield of rice by 167% compared with the no-Zn control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat1 - Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- total paddy yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 167e0
- Comparator
- control (no Zn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“117 and 6% increase in maize grain and 167 and 2.7% in total paddy yield”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
t1“Maize and Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioactive zincated urea increased total paddy yield of rice by 2.7% compared with conventional urea plus Zn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- total paddy yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.7%e0
- Comparator
- CU+Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“117 and 6% increase in maize grain and 167 and 2.7% in total paddy yield”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
t1“Maize and Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zincated urea increased maize grain Zn concentration by 37% relative to the no-Zn control.
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 37e0
- Comparator
- control (no Zn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding increase in grain Zn concentration was 37 and 15% in maize and 25 and 14% in rice”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zincated urea increased maize grain Zn concentration by 15% relative to conventional urea plus Zn.
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- CU+Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding increase in grain Zn concentration was 37 and 15% in maize and 25 and 14% in rice”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zincated urea increased rice grain Zn concentration by 25% relative to the no-Zn control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25e0
- Comparator
- control (no Zn)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding increase in grain Zn concentration was 37 and 15% in maize and 25 and 14% in rice”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
Zincated urea increased rice grain Zn concentration by 14% relative to conventional urea plus Zn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Zincated Ureat0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- CU+Zne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding increase in grain Zn concentration was 37 and 15% in maize and 25 and 14% in rice”
e1“as compared to control (no Zn) and CU+Zn”
Claim · model-written summary
The first of the two corresponding grain N increases under zincated urea was 16%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding grain N increases were 16 and 22%”
Claim · model-written summary
The second of the two corresponding grain N increases under zincated urea was 22%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
t0“Bioactive Zincated Urea”
e0“the corresponding grain N increases were 16 and 22%”
Claim · model-written summary
ZU100 decreased NH3 volatilization by 5 to 14% in maize relative to conventional urea at the recommended N rate.
- Treatment
- ZU100 applicatione0
- Outcome
- NH3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 5 to 14%e0
- Comparator
- CU100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZU100 application markedly decreased NH3 volatilization (5 to 14% in maize and 2 to 24% in rice field) as compared to CU100”
Claim · model-written summary
ZU100 decreased NH3 volatilization by 2 to 24% in the rice field relative to conventional urea at the recommended N rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZU100 applicatione0
- Outcome
- NH3 volatilizatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2 to 24%e0
- Comparator
- CU100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZU100 application markedly decreased NH3 volatilization (5 to 14% in maize and 2 to 24% in rice field) as compared to CU100”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that N application can be lowered to 80% of the recommended rate without an impact on crop yield and with lower N losses.
- Taxon
- Maize and RiceOryza sativa
Zea mayst1 - Outcome
- lower N application (up to 80% of RNR)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Maize and Rice”
e0“the lower N application (up to 80% of RNR) is possible without imminent impact on crop yield as well as on environment owing to lower N losses”
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