Abstract
Abstract Alternaria species are notorious pathogens of solanaceous crops and are known to produce a plethora of toxins. Nevertheless, the involvement of toxins or other virulence factors in Alternaria infections on potato plants has never been investigated. In view of this, we analysed whether different Alternaria species produced host‐ and non‐host‐specific toxins in vitro and in vivo. Secondly, we assessed if ethylene (ETH) is involved in potato plant infections, as was previously demonstrated in tomato. Although many toxins were detected in vitro, no toxins were present before symptom appearance in potato leaves. Isolates that made large conidia ( A . solani ) produced up to six times more ETH in vitro than isolates with small conidia ( A . arborescens ) in the presence of the ETH precursor α‐keto‐γ‐methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA). In contrast, on potato leaf discs, an inverse relation was found between ETH emission and conidia size after correcting the data according to fungal DNA content, suggesting a role for ETH in symptom development rather than initiation. Moreover, application of a plant ETH biosynthesis inhibitor, 2‐aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), resulted in a 60% reduction in necrosis after inoculation with a large‐conidia isolate, whereas a 35% increase in necrosis was observed after inoculation with a small‐conidia isolate. Finally, it was concluded that toxin production is not essential for symptom development of Alternaria on potato and that ETH (either from the plant and/or the fungus) is a crucial factor in symptom development by A . solani , whereas its role was found to be antagonistic for A . arborescens .
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Toxins were not detected in potato leaves before symptoms appeared.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- toxinse0
- Qualifier
- before symptom appearancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although many toxins were detected in vitro, no toxins were present before symptom appearance in potato leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Large-conidia A. solani isolates produced up to six times more ethylene in vitro than small-conidia A. arborescens isolates with KMBA.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- A . solani
Alternaria solanie0pathogen - Compound
- α‐keto‐γ‐methylthiobutyric acide0
- Outcome
- ETHe0
- Value
- up to six timese0
- Comparator
- A . arborescense0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates that made large conidia ( A . solani ) produced up to six times more ETH in vitro than isolates with small conidia ( A . arborescens ) in the presence of the ETH precursor α‐keto‐γ‐methylthiobutyric acid (KMBA).”
t0“Ethylene production during Alternaria infections on potato plants and its antagonistic role in virulence of different Alternaria species”
Claim · model-written summary
On potato leaf discs, ethylene emission was inversely related to conidium size after adjustment for fungal DNA.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- leaf discse0
- Outcome
- ETH emissione0
- Direction
- inverse relatione0
- Qualifier
- after correcting the data according to fungal DNA contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, on potato leaf discs, an inverse relation was found between ETH emission and conidia size after correcting the data according to fungal DNA content, suggesting a role for ETH in symptom development rather than initiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG reduced potato necrosis by 60% after inoculation with a large-conidia isolate.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, application of a plant ETH biosynthesis inhibitor, 2‐aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), resulted in a 60% reduction in necrosis after inoculation with a large‐conidia isolate, whereas a 35% increase in necrosis was observed after inoculation with a small‐conidia isolate.”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG increased potato necrosis by 35% after inoculation with a small-conidia isolate.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, application of a plant ETH biosynthesis inhibitor, 2‐aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), resulted in a 60% reduction in necrosis after inoculation with a large‐conidia isolate, whereas a 35% increase in necrosis was observed after inoculation with a small‐conidia isolate.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded toxin production is not essential for Alternaria symptom development on potato.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariae0pathogen - Outcome
- symptom developmente0
- Qualifier
- toxin production is not essentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Finally, it was concluded that toxin production is not essential for symptom development of Alternaria on potato and that ETH (either from the plant and/or the fungus) is a crucial factor in symptom development by A . solani , whereas its role was found to be antagonistic for A . arborescens .”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene was interpreted as crucial for symptom development by A. solani on potato.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Interactor
- A . solaniAlternaria solanie0pathogen
- Compound
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- symptom developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Finally, it was concluded that toxin production is not essential for symptom development of Alternaria on potato and that ETH (either from the plant and/or the fungus) is a crucial factor in symptom development by A . solani , whereas its role was found to be antagonistic for A . arborescens .”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene was interpreted as antagonistic to symptom development by A. arborescens on potato.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Interactor
- A . arborescensAlternaria arborescense0pathogen
- Compound
- ETHe0
- Outcome
- symptom developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Finally, it was concluded that toxin production is not essential for symptom development of Alternaria on potato and that ETH (either from the plant and/or the fungus) is a crucial factor in symptom development by A . solani , whereas its role was found to be antagonistic for A . arborescens .”