Abstract
Bacillus genus exhibits antagonistic potential against a broad range of pathogenic fungi. This study presents the antifungal potential of lipopeptides (LPs) produced by a novel strain Bacillus altitudinis TM22A to suppress the infection of Alternaria rot on tomato. We investigated the antifungal effect of ten Bacillus species against Alternaria alternata, where four Bacillus strains TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54 exhibited antifungal activity. The LPs extracted from TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54 restricted mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata in vitro with the highest inhibition produced by TM22A. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of surfactin, fengycin, iturin, bacillibactin, and bacilysin in strain TM22A at 1036.69, 1435.76, 1085.58, 883.26, and 271.13 m/z respectively. In an In planta assay LPs from TM22A caused the lowest lesion diameter and disease incidence on tomato fruit. Furthermore, the defense enzymes viz, catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were enhanced in Bacillus LPs treated tomato fruit with the more pronounced impact in response to TM22A. Post-harvest quality analysis revealed little impact on ascorbic acid, fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), weight loss, and fruit firmness compared to healthy control. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the antifungal effect of Bacillus-derived LPs against postharvest Alternaria rot of tomato and its role in defense elicitation to protect the fruit from pathogen invasion.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Four Bacillus strains showed antifungal activity against A. alternata.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae1pathogen - Outcome
- antifungal activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“four Bacillus strains TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54 exhibited antifungal activity”
e1“against Alternaria alternata”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptides from four Bacillus strains restricted A. alternata mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LPs extracted from TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54e0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LPs extracted from TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54 restricted mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata in vitro with the highest inhibition produced by TM22A.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipopeptides from four Bacillus strains restricted A. alternata conidial germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LPs extracted from TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54e0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- conidial germination of A. alternatae0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The LPs extracted from TM22A, MCM61, S2, and CPCF54 restricted mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata in vitro with the highest inhibition produced by TM22A.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
TM22A produced the highest inhibition of A. alternata.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae1pathogen
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest inhibition produced by TM22A”
e1“of A. alternata in vitro”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
LC-MS identified surfactin, fengycin, iturin, bacillibactin and bacilysin in TM22A.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- presence of surfactin, fengycin, iturin, bacillibactin, and bacilysin in strain TM22Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“presence of surfactin, fengycin, iturin, bacillibactin, and bacilysin in strain TM22A at 1036.69, 1435.76, 1085.58, 883.26, and 271.13 m/z respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
TM22A lipopeptides produced the lowest lesion diameter on tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- LPs from TM22Ae0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatae1pathogen
- Outcome
- lesion diametere0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LPs from TM22A caused the lowest lesion diameter and disease incidence on tomato fruit”
e1“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
TM22A lipopeptides produced the lowest disease incidence on tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- LPs from TM22Ae0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatae1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LPs from TM22A caused the lowest lesion diameter and disease incidence on tomato fruit”
e1“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus lipopeptides enhanced CAT, PPO and POD defense enzymes in tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Bacillus LPse0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were enhanced in Bacillus LPs treated tomato fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus lipopeptides enhanced SOD and PAL defense enzymes in tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Bacillus LPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were enhanced in Bacillus LPs treated tomato fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus lipopeptides had little impact on tomato fruit quality measures compared with healthy control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Bacillus LPse1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid, fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS)e0
- Direction
- little impacte0
- Comparator
- healthy controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“little impact on ascorbic acid, fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), weight loss, and fruit firmness compared to healthy control”
e1“Bacillus LPs treated tomato fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus lipopeptides had little impact on tomato fruit acidity, weight loss and firmness.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Bacillus LPse1
- Outcome
- titratable acidity (TA), weight loss, and fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- little impacte0
- Comparator
- healthy controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“little impact on ascorbic acid, fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), weight loss, and fruit firmness compared to healthy control”
e1“Bacillus LPs treated tomato fruit”
The same questions in other papers
lipopeptide · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
lipopeptide · Alternaria alternata · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.