Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are crucial regulators in coping with abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, salinity, fungi, and pathogens. However, little is known about the characteristics, evolution process, and functional divergence of the MAPK gene family in Rosaceae plants. A total of 97 MAPK members were identified in six Rosaceae species, including 12 genes in Fragaria vesca, 22 genes in Malus domestica, 23 genes in Pyrus bretschneideri, 12 genes in Prunus mume, 14 genes in Prunus persica, and 14 genes in Rosa chinensis. All MAPK members of six Rosaceae plants were categorized into four clusters by the phylogenetic relationship analysis. Collinearity analysis discovered that both segmental duplication and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of MAPK family genes in Rosaceae plants. And the analysis of motifs and gene structures indicated that the evolution of the MAPK gene family was highly conserved among phylogenetic clusters in Rosaceae species. In addition, the dN/dS rates of MAPK paralogous gene pairs were below one, suggesting the MAPK gene family in Rosaceae was driven by purifying selective pressure. Furthermore, functional divergence analysis discovered that 14 amino acid residues were detected as potentially key sites for functional divergence of MAPK family genes between different cluster pairs, specifically Type I functional divergence. The analysis of functional distance indicated that cluster C retained more of the original functional features, while cluster B exhibited functional specialization. Moreover, the expression profiles revealed that PmMAPK8, PmMAPK9, and PmMAPK10 were both highly expressed under drought stress and low temperature conditions. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the evolutionary process and functional analyses of the MAPK gene family in Rosaceae plants, which will lay the foundation for future studies into MAPK genes of Rosaceae in response to drought and cold stress.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Ninety-seven MAPK members were identified across six Rosaceae species.
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e1“A total of 97 MAPK members were identified in six Rosaceae species”
Claim · model-written summary
Fragaria vesca has 12 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Fragaria vesca
Fragaria vescae2 - Outcome
- genese2
- Value
- 12e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“12 genes in Fragaria vesca”
Claim · model-written summary
Malus domestica has 22 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Malus domestica
Malus domesticae3 - Outcome
- genese3
- Value
- 22e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“22 genes in Malus domestica”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrus bretschneideri has 23 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Pyrus bretschneideri
Pyrus ×bretschneiderie4 - Outcome
- genese4
- Value
- 23e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“23 genes in Pyrus bretschneideri”
Claim · model-written summary
Prunus mume has 12 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Prunus mume
Prunus mumee5 - Outcome
- genese5
- Value
- 12e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“12 genes in Prunus mume”
Claim · model-written summary
Prunus persica has 14 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Prunus persica
Prunus persicae6 - Outcome
- genese6
- Value
- 14e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“14 genes in Prunus persica”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosa chinensis has 14 MAPK genes.
- Taxon
- Rosa chinensis
Rosa chinensise7 - Outcome
- genese7
- Value
- 14e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“14 genes in Rosa chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPK members of Rosaceae plants fall into four phylogenetic clusters.
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e0“All MAPK members of six Rosaceae plants were categorized into four clusters by the phylogenetic relationship analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Segmental and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of the MAPK gene family.
Verbatim
e1“Collinearity analysis discovered that both segmental duplication and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of MAPK family genes in Rosaceae plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The MAPK gene family evolution is highly conserved among phylogenetic clusters in Rosaceae species.
Verbatim
e2“the analysis of motifs and gene structures indicated that the evolution of the MAPK gene family was highly conserved among phylogenetic clusters in Rosaceae species”
Claim · model-written summary
The dN/dS rates of MAPK paralogous gene pairs were below one, indicating purifying selection in Rosaceae.
Verbatim
e3“the dN/dS rates of MAPK paralogous gene pairs were below one, suggesting the MAPK gene family in Rosaceae was driven by purifying selective pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen amino acid residues were identified as potentially key sites for Type I functional divergence of MAPK genes between cluster pairs.
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e4“14 amino acid residues were detected as potentially key sites for functional divergence of MAPK family genes between different cluster pairs, specifically Type I functional divergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster C retained more of the original functional features.
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e5“The analysis of functional distance indicated that cluster C retained more of the original functional features”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster B exhibited functional specialization.
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e6“while cluster B exhibited functional specialization”
Claim · model-written summary
PmMAPK8, PmMAPK9 and PmMAPK10 were highly expressed under drought stress and low temperature.
- Treatment
- drought stress and low temperature conditionse7
- Gene
- PmMAPK8, PmMAPK9, and PmMAPK10e7
- Outcome
- expressede7
- Direction
- highlye7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“MAPK Gene Family in Rosaceae Plants”
e7“PmMAPK8, PmMAPK9, and PmMAPK10 were both highly expressed under drought stress and low temperature conditions”