Abstract
A major portion of maize is produced under rainfed conditions in the tropics with relatively poor yield because of the unpredictable and irregular distribution of seasonal rainfall, as well as a decline in pre-rainy season rainfall due to climate change, so identification of sustainable production options is utmost needed. Thus, the present studies were conducted in a greenhouse (GH) to ascertain the water stress-tolerant traits of maize and at the field level in the tropical environment of Thailand to see the stimulating possibility of the ascertained traits in a locally popular cultivar using ethephon. Depending on tolerance level, three maize genotypes (Suwan 2301 > Suwan 4452 > S 7328) were tested under different water conditions—well-watered, short-term, and long-term water stress—in the GH. At the field level, the locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819 was examined with six ethephon levels (doses in g a.i. ha−1 of ethephon, i.e., T1, 281 at V6 stage; T2, 281 at V6 + 281 at V10 stage; T3, 281 at V10 stage; T4, 562 at V6 stage; T5, 562 at V6 + 562 at V10 stage; T6, 562 at V10 stage) against no ethephon application (T0) under rainfed conditions. Maize suffered from the scarcity of sufficient rainfall during 26–39 days after planting (DAP) and 43–63 DAP in the field. The yield index (YI) was identified from biplot analysis as one of the suitable standards for drought tolerance checks for maize at GH as well as at field level in the tropics. The YI value of observed agro-physio-biochemical traits of maize in GH showed that relative water content (RWC, 1.23), stem base diameter (SBD, 1.21), total soluble sugar (TSS, 1.15), proline (Pr, 1.13), aboveground plant biomass (APB, 1.13), root weight (RW, 1.13), relative growth rate (RGR, 1.15), specific leaf weight (SLW, 1.12), and net assimilation rate (NAR, 1.08) were the most desirable. Efforts were made to stimulate these traits under water stress at the field level. Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1) with the support of higher RWC (90.38%), proline (24.79 µmol g−1 FW), TSS (1629 mg g−1 FW), SBD (24.49 mm), APB (271.34 g plant−1), SLW (51.71 g m−2), RGR (25.26 mg plant−1 day−1), and NAR (0.91 mg cm−2 day−1) compared to others, especially no ethephon application. Furthermore, the attributes SLW, SBD, Pr, heat utilization efficiency (HUE), 100-kernel weight, TSS, electrolyte leakage, and lodging percentage showed a substantial direct effect and significant correlation with KY. Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values of energy efficiency (1.66), HUE (2.99 kg ha−1 °C days−1), gross margin (682.02 USD ha−1), MBCR (3.32), and C absorption (6.19 t C ha−1), indicating that this practice may be a good option for maize sustainable production under rainfed conditions.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Maize genotypes were ranked for water-stress tolerance as Suwan 2301 > Suwan 4452 > S 7328.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on tolerance level, three maize genotypes (Suwan 2301 > Suwan 4452 > S 7328) were tested under different water conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield index was identified as one of the suitable standards for drought tolerance checks for maize in the greenhouse and in the field.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield index (YI) was identified from biplot analysis as one of the suitable standards for drought tolerance checks for maize at GH as well as at field level in the tropics”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher kernel yield (5.26 t ha−1) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- kernel yield (KY)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.26 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher relative water content (90.38%) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- RWCe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 90.38%e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“higher RWC (90.38%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher proline (24.79 µmol g−1 FW) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 24.79 µmol g−1 FWe3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“proline (24.79 µmol g−1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher total soluble sugar (1629 mg g−1 FW) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- TSSe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1629 mg g−1 FWe3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“TSS (1629 mg g−1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher stem base diameter (24.49 mm) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- SBDe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 24.49 mme3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“SBD (24.49 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher aboveground plant biomass (271.34 g plant−1) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- APBe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 271.34 g plant−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“APB (271.34 g plant−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher specific leaf weight (51.71 g m−2) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- SLWe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 51.71 g m−2e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“SLW (51.71 g m−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher relative growth rate (25.26 mg plant−1 day−1) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- RGRe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 25.26 mg plant−1 day−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“RGR (25.26 mg plant−1 day−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 gave higher net assimilation rate (0.91 mg cm−2 day−1) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- Ethephon application as T1e0
- Outcome
- NARe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 0.91 mg cm−2 day−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon application as T1 helped to gain higher kernel yield (KY) (5.26 t ha−1)”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“NAR (0.91 mg cm−2 day−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 tactics gave higher energy efficiency (1.66) than no ethephon application.
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- ethephon application as T1 tacticse0
- Outcome
- energy efficiencye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 1.66e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“higher values of energy efficiency (1.66)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 tactics gave higher heat utilization efficiency (2.99 kg ha−1 °C days−1).
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- ethephon application as T1 tacticse0
- Outcome
- HUEe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 2.99 kg ha−1 °C days−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“HUE (2.99 kg ha−1 °C days−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 tactics gave higher gross margin (682.02 USD ha−1).
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- ethephon application as T1 tacticse0
- Outcome
- gross margine3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 682.02 USD ha−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“gross margin (682.02 USD ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 tactics gave higher MBCR (3.32).
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- ethephon application as T1 tacticse0
- Outcome
- MBCRe3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 3.32e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“MBCR (3.32)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 tactics gave higher carbon absorption (6.19 t C ha−1).
- Material
- Suwan 5819e1
- Treatment
- ethephon application as T1 tacticse0
- Outcome
- C absorptione3
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 6.19 t C ha−1e3
- Comparator
- no ethephon applicatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aside from higher KY, ethephon application as T1 tactics resulted in higher values”
e1“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e2“compared to others, especially no ethephon application”
e3“C absorption (6.19 t C ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Several agro-physiological traits, including specific leaf weight, stem base diameter, proline, heat utilization efficiency, 100-kernel weight, TSS, electrolyte leakage and lodging percentage, show a substantial direct effect and significant correlation with kernel yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“locally popular maize cultivar Suwan 5819”
e1“Furthermore, the attributes SLW, SBD, Pr, heat utilization efficiency (HUE), 100-kernel weight, TSS, electrolyte leakage, and lodging percentage showed a substantial direct effect and significant correlation with KY”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative water content, stem base diameter, total soluble sugar, proline, aboveground biomass, root weight, relative growth rate, specific leaf weight and net assimilation rate were the most desirable yield-index traits under greenhouse water stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The YI value of observed agro-physio-biochemical traits of maize in GH showed that”
e1“relative water content (RWC, 1.23), stem base diameter (SBD, 1.21), total soluble sugar (TSS, 1.15), proline (Pr, 1.13), aboveground plant biomass (APB, 1.13), root weight (RW, 1.13), relative growth rate (RGR, 1.15), specific leaf weight (SLW, 1.12), and net assimilation rate (NAR, 1.08) were the most desirable”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon application as T1 may be a good option for sustainable maize production under rainfed conditions.
- Outcome
- sustainable productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“may be a good option for maize sustainable production under rainfed conditions”
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