Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and boron (B) uptake under excessive B concentrations. Four levels of B (0, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 soil) and four levels of microbial inoculation (non-inoculation, Rhizophagus intraradices, Micrococcus yunnanensis and co-inoculation) were applied. In general, elevated B decreased the maize relative yield, plant dry weight, plant height, total leaf area and chlorophyll content. The highest B uptake was recorded in the 20 mg kg-1 B treatments, whereas the lowest uptake was in B treatments of 0 and 40 mg B kg-1. Excessive B supply increased the proline content and electrolyte leakage of maize leaves. Microbial inoculation did not change the yield of B-stressed plants. In addition, mycorrhiza inoculation and co-inoculation increased the shoot and root B uptake. Maize plants growing at high B concentrations with or without microbial inoculation showed leaf edge burning and necrosis when compared with control treatments. Microbial inoculation improved the maize yield under B stress up to 20 mg B kg-1. Thus, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can increase the maize tolerance under B toxicity. Nonetheless, the inoculation of bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhiza had a more alleviative effect when the plants were exposed to excess B.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated boron reduced maize relative yield.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated B decreased the maize relative yield, plant dry weight, plant height, total leaf area and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated boron reduced maize dry weight, height and leaf area.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated B decreased the maize relative yield, plant dry weight, plant height, total leaf area and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated boron reduced maize chlorophyll content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated B decreased the maize relative yield, plant dry weight, plant height, total leaf area and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize boron uptake was highest at 20 mg kg-1 B.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest B uptake was recorded in the 20 mg kg-1 B treatments”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize boron uptake was lowest at 0 and 40 mg B kg-1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest uptake was in B treatments of 0 and 40 mg B kg-1”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive boron increased maize leaf proline content and electrolyte leakage.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Excessive B supplye0
- Outcome
- proline content and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excessive B supply increased the proline content and electrolyte leakage of maize leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation did not change yield of boron stressed maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial inoculation did not change the yield of B-stressed plants”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza inoculation increased maize shoot and root boron uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhiza inoculation and co-inoculation increased the shoot and root B uptake”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation increased maize shoot and root boron uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mycorrhiza inoculation and co-inoculation increased the shoot and root B uptake”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High boron produced leaf edge burning and necrosis in maize with or without microbial inoculation.
- Treatment
- high B concentrationse0
- Outcome
- leaf edge burning and necrosise0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize plants growing at high B concentrations with or without microbial inoculation showed leaf edge burning and necrosis when compared with control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation improved maize yield under boron stress up to 20 mg B kg-1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbial inoculation improved the maize yield under B stress up to 20 mg B kg-1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded inoculation can increase maize tolerance under boron toxicity.
- Treatment
- inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobacteriae0
- Outcome
- tolerancee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can increase the maize tolerance under B toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial and mycorrhizal inoculation had a stronger alleviative effect under excess boron.
- Treatment
- inoculation of bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhizae0
- Outcome
- more alleviative effecte0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation of bacterium and arbuscular mycorrhiza had a more alleviative effect when the plants were exposed to excess B”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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