Abstract
Tryptophan, as a signal molecule, mediates many biotic and environmental stress-induced physiological responses in plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tryptophan seed treatment in response to cadmium stress (0, 0.15, and 0.25 mM) in sunflower plants. Different growth and biochemical parameters were determined to compare the efficiency of the treatment agent. The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves. Cadmium stress also significantly reduced the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid. Whereas cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM) enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (45.24% and 53.06%), hydrogen peroxide (−11.07% and 5.86%), and soluble sugars (28.05% and 50.34%) compared to the control. Tryptophan treatment decreased the effect of Cd stress by minimizing lipid peroxidation. Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions. Overall, the tryptophan seed treatment showed positive effects on sunflower plants’ growth and stress tolerance, highlighting its potential as a sustainable approach to improve crop performance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced root and shoot length.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced dry and fresh weight.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- dry and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced rate of seed germination.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- rate of seed germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced number of leaves.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly reduced contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly reduced the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly reduced carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly reduced the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly reduced anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin, and ascorbic acide0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly reduced the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress changed malondialdehyde by 45.24% and 53.06% compared with control.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM)e0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 45.24% and 53.06%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM) enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (45.24% and 53.06%), hydrogen peroxide (−11.07% and 5.86%), and soluble sugars (28.05% and 50.34%) compared to the control.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress changed hydrogen peroxide by −11.07% and 5.86% compared with control.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM)e0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- −11.07% and 5.86%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM) enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (45.24% and 53.06%), hydrogen peroxide (−11.07% and 5.86%), and soluble sugars (28.05% and 50.34%) compared to the control.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress changed soluble sugars by 28.05% and 50.34% compared with control.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM)e0
- Outcome
- soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 28.05% and 50.34%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM) enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (45.24% and 53.06%), hydrogen peroxide (−11.07% and 5.86%), and soluble sugars (28.05% and 50.34%) compared to the control.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan treatment minimized lipid peroxidation under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Tryptophan treatmente0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tryptophan treatment decreased the effect of Cd stress by minimizing lipid peroxidation.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved root by 19.40% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19.40%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved shoot length by 38.14% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 38.14%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved root by 41.90% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 41.90%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved shoot fresh weight by 13.58% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 13.58%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved seed germination ability by 13.79% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- seed germination abilitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 13.79%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved average leaf area by 24.07% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- average leaf areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 24.07%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved chlorophyll b by 51.35% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 51.35%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved total chlorophyll by 20.04% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 20.04%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Tryptophan seed treatment under cadmium stress improved carotenoids by 43.37% versus control conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 43.37%e0
- Comparator
- control conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions.”
t0“Sunflower”
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