Abstract
Abstract The effect of excess concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) on water relations in young sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was studied in water culture under greenhouse conditions. The accumulation of the heavy metals was more intensive in the root than in the shoot. The rates of heavy metal accumulation in root were arranged in the following decreasing order: Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb. Their transport into the above‐ground parts followed the order: Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Transpiration and relative water content were significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals. The number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased while the size of the stomata was decreased. The concentration of free proline significantly increased in the leaves of intact plants as well as in leaf discs incubated in the presence of heavy metals. The concentration of soluble proteins decreased as well, particularly when plants were exposed to high concentrations of the heavy metals. It was concluded that excess concentrations of the heavy metals significantly affected plant water status, causing water deficit and subsequent changes in the plants. The most intensive effect on the plants was exerted by Cd, less intensive by Cu and Zn and the least intensive by Pb.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metals accumulated more in roots than shoots.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- accumulation of the heavy metalse0
- Direction
- more intensivee0
- Comparator
- shoote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of the heavy metals was more intensive in the root than in the shoot”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Root metal accumulation ranked Cu, Cd, Zn, then Pb.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- rates of heavy metal accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rates of heavy metal accumulation in root were arranged in the following decreasing order: Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot transport ranked Zn, Cu, Pb, then Cd.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- above‐ground partse0
- Outcome
- transporte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their transport into the above‐ground parts followed the order: Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess metals significantly decreased transpiration and relative water content.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- excess concentrations of the heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- Transpiration and relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration and relative water content were significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess metals increased stomatal density.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- excess concentrations of the heavy metalst1
- Outcome
- number of stomata per unit leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased”
t0“sunflower”
t1“significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess metals decreased stomatal size.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- excess concentrations of the heavy metalst1
- Outcome
- size of the stomatae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the size of the stomata was decreased”
t0“sunflower”
t1“significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess metals significantly increased free proline in leaves and leaf discs.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- concentration of free prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of free proline significantly increased in the leaves of intact plants as well as in leaf discs incubated in the presence of heavy metals”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble protein concentration declined, particularly at high metal concentrations.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- high concentrations of the heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- concentration of soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of soluble proteins decreased as well, particularly when plants were exposed to high concentrations of the heavy metals”
t0“sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd exerted the most intensive effect, followed by Cu and Zn, then Pb.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- effect on the plantse0
- Direction
- most intensivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most intensive effect on the plants was exerted by Cd, less intensive by Cu and Zn and the least intensive by Pb”
t0“sunflower”
The same questions in other papers
heavy metal · physiology: gas exchange · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
heavy metal · physiology: osmolytes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.