Abstract
Abstract In the context of degradation of soil health, environmental pollution, and yield stagnation in the rice–wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, an experiment was established in split plot design to assess the long-term effect of crop residue management on productivity and phosphorus requirement of wheat in rice–wheat system. The experiment comprised of six crop residue management practices as the main treatment factor with three levels (0, 30 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) of phosphorus fertilizer as sub-treatments. Significant improvement in soil aggregation, bulk density, and infiltration rate was observed under residue management (retention/incorporation) treatments compared to residue removal or residue burning. Soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrient content (N, P, and K), microbial count, and enzyme activities were also significantly higher in conservation tillage and residue-treated plots than without residue/burning treatments. The residue derived from both crops when was either retained/incorporated improved the soil organic carbon (0.80%) and resulted in a significant increase in SOC (73.9%) in the topsoil layer as compared to the conventional practice. The mean effect studies revealed that crop residue management practices and phosphorus levels significantly influenced wheat yield attributes and productivity. The higher grain yield of wheat was recorded in two treatments, i.e. the basal application of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 without residue incorporation and the other with half the P-fertilizer (30 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) with rice residue only. The grain yield of wheat where the rice and wheat residue were either retained/incorporated without phosphorus application was at par with 30 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 . Phosphorus levels also significantly affected wheat productivity and available P content in the soil. Therefore, results suggested that crop residue retention following the conservation tillage approach improved the yield of wheat cultivated in the rice–wheat cropping system.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Residue management significantly improved soil aggregation, bulk density, and infiltration rate.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- residue management (retention/incorporation)e0
- Outcome
- soil aggregation, bulk density, and infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- residue removal or residue burninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant improvement in soil aggregation, bulk density, and infiltration rate was observed under residue management (retention/incorporation) treatments compared to residue removal or residue burning.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon, available nutrients, and microbial count were higher under conservation tillage and residue treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conservation tillage and residue-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrient content (N, P, and K), microbial counte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- without residue/burning treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrient content (N, P, and K), microbial count, and enzyme activities were also significantly higher in conservation tillage and residue-treated plots than without residue/burning treatments.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enzyme activities were higher under conservation tillage and residue treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- conservation tillage and residue-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- without residue/burning treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon (SOC), available nutrient content (N, P, and K), microbial count, and enzyme activities were also significantly higher in conservation tillage and residue-treated plots than without residue/burning treatments.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Retained or incorporated residue increased topsoil organic carbon by 73.9% compared with conventional practice.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- retained/incorporatede0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 73.9%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.80%e0
- Comparator
- the conventional practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The residue derived from both crops when was either retained/incorporated improved the soil organic carbon (0.80%) and resulted in a significant increase in SOC (73.9%) in the topsoil layer as compared to the conventional practice.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue management and phosphorus levels significantly influenced wheat yield attributes and productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- crop residue management practices and phosphorus levelse0
- Outcome
- wheat yield attributes and productivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean effect studies revealed that crop residue management practices and phosphorus levels significantly influenced wheat yield attributes and productivity.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher wheat grain yield occurred with 60 kg phosphorus fertilizer without residue incorporation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- basal application of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 without residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheate0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher grain yield of wheat was recorded in two treatments, i.e. the basal application of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 without residue incorporation and the other with half the P-fertilizer (30 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) with rice residue only.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher wheat grain yield occurred with 30 kg phosphorus fertilizer and rice residue.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 30 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) with rice residue onlye0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheate0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher grain yield of wheat was recorded in two treatments, i.e. the basal application of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 without residue incorporation and the other with half the P-fertilizer (30 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 ) with rice residue only.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield with retained or incorporated residues and no phosphorus was comparable to yields with 30 and 60 kg fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rice and wheat residue were either retained/incorporated without phosphorus applicatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield of wheate0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Comparator
- 30 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield of wheat where the rice and wheat residue were either retained/incorporated without phosphorus application was at par with 30 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha –1 .”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus levels significantly affected wheat productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus levelse0
- Outcome
- wheat productivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus levels also significantly affected wheat productivity and available P content in the soil.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus levels significantly affected available soil phosphorus.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus levelse0
- Outcome
- available P content in the soile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus levels also significantly affected wheat productivity and available P content in the soil.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue retention with conservation tillage improved wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- crop residue retention following the conservation tillage approache0
- Outcome
- yield of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop residue retention following the conservation tillage approach improved the yield of wheat cultivated in the rice–wheat cropping system.”
t0“on wheat productivity”
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