Abstract
Rice ( Oryza sativa L.)–wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) farmers in India burn or remove residues to facilitate seedbed preparation. Incorporation of residues before planting of the next crop generally decreases yields due to N immobilization. Since a window of about 40 d is available between rice harvest and wheat planting, the effect of time of incorporation on rice residue decomposition and N mineralization–immobilization was studied in 1992–1993. The mass loss of residue was 25% for a 10‐d, 35% for a 20‐d, and 51% for a 40‐d decomposition period before wheat planting. Nitrogen release from residue ranged from 6 to 9 kg ha −1 during the wheat season. The immobilization of urea N decreased when residue was allowed to decompose for 10‐d or longer. Based on these studies, a long‐term (1993–2000) experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil to examine the effect of time of residue incorporation before sowing wheat when compared with burning or removal of residue on yields, N‐use efficiency, and soil fertility. The effect of wheat residue incorporation with green manure (GM, Sesbania cannabina L.) on subsequent rice yields was also determined. Residue incorporation for 10 to 40 d had no effect on wheat yields. Rice yields increased (0.18–0.39 Mg ha −1 ) when wheat residue was incorporated with GM. Starter N applied at residue incorporation did not influence wheat yields but decreased N recovery efficiency. Physiological efficiency was higher when rice straw was incorporated in wheat and when wheat straw plus GM were incorporated in rice than when rice straw was incorporated for 10 d or when the straw was burned. The long‐term application of rice residue increased C accumulation in soil.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue mass loss was 25% after 10 days.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The mass loss of residue was 25% for a 10‐d”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue mass loss was 35% after 20 days.
Not reportedTaxonOutcome
Verbatim
e0“35% for a 20‐d”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue mass loss was 51% after 40 days.
Not reportedTaxonOutcome
Verbatim
e0“51% for a 40‐d decomposition period”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen release from residues ranged from 6 to 9 kg per hectare during wheat season.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen release from residue ranged from 6 to 9 kg ha −1 during the wheat season”
Claim · model-written summary
Allowing residue at least ten days to decompose reduced immobilization of urea nitrogen.
- Treatment
- residue was allowed to decompose for 10‐d or longere0
- Outcome
- immobilization of urea Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The immobilization of urea N decreased when residue was allowed to decompose for 10‐d or longer”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation for 10 to 40 days did not affect wheat yields.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Residue incorporation for 10 to 40 de0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue incorporation for 10 to 40 d had no effect on wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat residue incorporation with green manure increased rice yield by 0.18–0.39 Mg per hectare.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- wheat residue was incorporated with GMe0
- Outcome
- Rice yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.18–0.39 Mg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice yields increased (0.18–0.39 Mg ha −1 ) when wheat residue was incorporated with GM”
Claim · model-written summary
Starter nitrogen did not influence wheat yields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Starter N applied at residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starter N applied at residue incorporation did not influence wheat yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Starter nitrogen decreased nitrogen recovery efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Starter N applied at residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Starter N applied at residue incorporation did not influence wheat yields but decreased N recovery efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological efficiency was higher with rice straw incorporated in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- rice straw was incorporated in wheate0
- Outcome
- Physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological efficiency was higher when rice straw was incorporated in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological efficiency was higher with wheat straw and green manure incorporated in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- wheat straw plus GM were incorporated in ricee0
- Outcome
- Physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rice straw was incorporated for 10 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological efficiency was higher when rice straw was incorporated in wheat and when wheat straw plus GM were incorporated in rice than when rice straw was incorporated for 10 d or when the straw was burned”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term rice residue application increased soil carbon accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- long‐term application of rice residuee0
- Outcome
- C accumulation in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The long‐term application of rice residue increased C accumulation in soil”
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