Abstract
Rice‐wheat (RW) is the dominant cropping system in north-western India and is of immense importance for national food security. However, the sustainability of the RW system is threatened by water shortage and nutrient mining. Permanent bed RW systems with crop residue retention have been proposed as a means of reducing irrigation water use, improving soil properties and reducing the cost of crop establishment. A field experiment was conducted over 4 years in Punjab, India, to compare conventional and permanent bed RW cropping systems, with and without retention of crop residues, in terms of crop performance and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two methods of rice establishment (transplanting and dry seeding) were included on both beds and flats with four N application rates (0, 80, 120, 160 kg N/ha). Rice grain yield increased significantly as N rate increased up to 160 kg N/ha irrespective of method of rice establishment. Puddled transplanted rice (PTR) was always superior to all other establishment methods in terms of biomass, yield and NUE. At 120 kg N/ha, yield of transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB) was 29% lower than yield of PTR, while yield of direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB) was even lower (44% lower than yield of TRB). Wheat straw mulch further reduced yield of DSRB by 26% on average, but there was no effect of mulching on yield of TRB. Dry-seeded rice on flats and beds was prone to severe iron deficiency and root nematode infestation. Yield of DSRB relative to yield of PTR declined as the beds aged but there was no trend in relative yield of TRB. Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus grain was 30% in PTR compared with 14% for TRB and 17% for DSRB. The majority (65‐83%) of the crop N uptake was derived from the soil in all treatments despite the application of urea at 120 kg N/ha. Total N losses from the urea N applied to rice ranged from 52% to 60% in TRB and DSRB compared with 38% in PTR. Wheat yield increased with N rate up to 120 kg N/ha, with further significant response to 160 kg N/ha in 2 of the 4 years. Wheat grain yield on permanent beds after TRB and DSRB was 75‐96% of that of conventionally tilled wheat (CTW), with no trend in relative yield over time as the beds aged. Grain yield of wheat was similar in CTW and direct-drilled (‘zero-till’) wheat (DDW) on the flat. The 15N recovery in the wheat plants in all flat and bed treatments was similar. Straw mulch had no effect on yield or NUE of wheat. Recoveries of applied N in the wheat plants (27‐38%) and soil (45‐59%) were much higher than in rice. Total fertiliser N losses were
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield rose significantly with nitrogen up to 160 kg N per hectare.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- N rate increased up to 160 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- Rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice grain yield increased significantly as N rate increased up to 160 kg N/ha irrespective of method of rice establishment”
Claim · model-written summary
Puddled transplanted rice exceeded other methods for biomass, yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Puddled transplanted rice (PTR)e0
- Outcome
- biomass, yield and NUEe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- all other establishment methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Puddled transplanted rice (PTR) was always superior to all other establishment methods in terms of biomass, yield and NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted rice on permanent beds yielded 29% less than puddled transplanted rice at 120 kg N per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- 120 kg N/hae0
- Comparator
- PTRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 120 kg N/ha, yield of transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB) was 29% lower than yield of PTR”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeded rice on permanent beds yielded 44% less than transplanted rice on permanent beds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- TRBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield of direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB) was even lower (44% lower than yield of TRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat straw mulch lowered direct seeded rice bed yield by 26% on average.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Wheat straw mulche0
- Outcome
- yield of DSRBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat straw mulch further reduced yield of DSRB by 26% on average”
e1“direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching did not affect transplanted rice bed yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- mulchinge0
- Outcome
- yield of TRBe0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no effect of mulching on yield of TRB”
e1“transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry seeded rice on flats and beds developed severe iron deficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Dry-seeded rice on flats and bedse0
- Outcome
- severe iron deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry-seeded rice on flats and beds was prone to severe iron deficiency and root nematode infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry seeded rice on flats and beds was prone to root nematode infestation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- root nematodee0pathogen
- Outcome
- root nematode infestatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry-seeded rice on flats and beds was prone to severe iron deficiency and root nematode infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct seeded bed rice yield relative to puddled transplanted rice declined as beds aged.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Yield of DSRB relative to yield of PTRe0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- bedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield of DSRB relative to yield of PTR declined as the beds aged”
e1“direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted bed rice relative yield showed no trend as beds aged.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB)e1
- Outcome
- relative yield of TRBe0
- Direction
- no trende0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no trend in relative yield of TRB”
e1“transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery was 30% in puddled transplanted rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- PTRe0
- Outcome
- Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus graine0
- Value
- 30%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus grain was 30% in PTR compared with 14% for TRB and 17% for DSRB”
e1“Puddled transplanted rice (PTR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery was 14% in transplanted bed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- TRBe0
- Outcome
- Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus graine0
- Value
- 14%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus grain was 30% in PTR compared with 14% for TRB and 17% for DSRB”
e1“transplanted rice on permanent beds (TRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery was 17% in direct seeded bed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- DSRBe0
- Outcome
- Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus graine0
- Value
- 17%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recovery of fertiliser 15N in the straw plus grain was 30% in PTR compared with 14% for TRB and 17% for DSRB”
e1“direct-seeded rice on permanent beds (DSRB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil supplied most crop nitrogen uptake despite urea application.
Verbatim
e0“The majority (65‐83%) of the crop N uptake was derived from the soil in all treatments despite the application of urea at 120 kg N/ha”
e1“Rice‐wheat (RW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total urea nitrogen losses were 52% to 60% in transplanted and direct seeded bed rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- TRB and DSRBe0
- Outcome
- Total N losses from the urea Ne0
- Value
- 52% to 60%e0
- Qualifier
- 38% in PTRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N losses from the urea N applied to rice ranged from 52% to 60% in TRB and DSRB compared with 38% in PTR”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield rose with nitrogen through 120 kg per hectare and sometimes to 160.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- N rate up to 120 kg N/hae0
- Outcome
- Wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- further significant response to 160 kg N/ha in 2 of the 4 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yield increased with N rate up to 120 kg N/ha, with further significant response to 160 kg N/ha in 2 of the 4 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent bed wheat yielded 75–96% of conventionally tilled wheat, without an age trend.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- permanent beds after TRB and DSRBe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 75‐96%e0
- Comparator
- conventionally tilled wheat (CTW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield on permanent beds after TRB and DSRB was 75‐96% of that of conventionally tilled wheat (CTW), with no trend in relative yield over time as the beds aged”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional and direct drilled wheat on flats had similar yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- direct-drilled (‘zero-till’) wheat (DDW)e0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- CTWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield of wheat was similar in CTW and direct-drilled (‘zero-till’) wheat (DDW) on the flat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat nitrogen recovery was similar among flat and bed treatments, and straw mulch did not affect yield or efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- 15N recovery in the wheat plantse0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 15N recovery in the wheat plants in all flat and bed treatments was similar. Straw mulch had no effect on yield or NUE of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied nitrogen recovery in wheat was 27–38% in plants and 45–59% in soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Recoveries of applied N in the wheat plantse0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Value
- 27‐38%e0
- Qualifier
- 45‐59%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recoveries of applied N in the wheat plants (27‐38%) and soil (45‐59%) were much higher than in rice”
The same questions in other papers
Triticum aestivum · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 110 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
120 papers more in this group
See all 124 papers →Oryza sativa · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 128 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
150 papers more in this group
See all 154 papers →mulching · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 106 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
122 papers more in this group
See all 126 papers →transplanting · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →tillage · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →transplanting · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
46 papers in the same direction as this paper · 129 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
172 papers more in this group
See all 176 papers →organic · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 279 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
323 papers more in this group
See all 327 papers →transplanting · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
155 papers in the same direction as this paper · 922 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1,074 papers more in this group
See all 1,078 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.