Abstract
Abstract Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an effective water-saving practice for rice cultivation that may however promote nitrogen (N) losses compared to continuous flooding (CF). The interaction between water, crop residue and N fertilization management can influence the contribution of different N sources to plant uptake. We hypothesized that microbial processes driving the source-differentiated N supply for rice uptake during the early growth stages will depend on the interaction between water management, the timing of straw incorporation with respect to flooding and the temporal distribution of mineral N application. Rice was grown for 60 days in mesocosm experiment involving a factorial design with (i) two water regimes (CF vs. AWD) and (ii) three straw and fertilizer managements, during which soil N, porewater chemistry, plant growth and N uptake were evaluated. Source partitioning of plant N between fertilizer-, straw- and soil-derived N was achieved by means of a dual-stable isotope 15 N tracing approach. Although AWD reduced total N uptake by about 4–25% with respect to CF, this could only be partly attributed to a lower uptake of fertilizer-N (and lower fertilizer-N use efficiency), suggesting that other N sources were affected by water management. Our findings evidence how the interaction between soil redox conditions and the availability of labile C and inorganic N strongly determined the supply of soil-derived N through microbial feedback and priming responses. Although incorporated straw contributed only minimally to rice N, it represented the primary driver controlling plant N nutrition through these microbial responses. These insights may contribute to identify suitable fertilization practices that favour plant N uptake during the early stages of rice growth under AWD.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced total rice nitrogen uptake by about 4–25% relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- total N uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 4–25%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced total N uptake by about 4–25% with respect to CF”
e1“Rice was grown for 60 days”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD lowered fertilizer nitrogen uptake relative to continuous flooding.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower uptake of fertilizer-N”
e1“AWD reduced total N uptake by about 4–25% with respect to CF”
e2“Rice was grown for 60 days”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD lowered fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- fertilizer-N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- CFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower fertilizer-N use efficiency”
e1“AWD reduced total N uptake by about 4–25% with respect to CF”
e2“Rice was grown for 60 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil redox conditions and labile carbon and nitrogen availability determined soil derived nitrogen supply.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- supply of soil-derived Ne0
- Qualifier
- interaction between soil redox conditions and the availability of labile C and inorganic Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between soil redox conditions and the availability of labile C and inorganic N strongly determined the supply of soil-derived N through microbial feedback and priming responses”
e1“Rice was grown for 60 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated straw contributed minimally to rice nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- incorporated strawe0
- Outcome
- rice Ne0
- Direction
- minimallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporated straw contributed only minimally to rice N”
Claim · model-written summary
Incorporated straw primarily controlled plant nitrogen nutrition through microbial responses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- incorporated strawe0
- Outcome
- plant N nutritione0
- Qualifier
- microbial responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporated straw contributed only minimally to rice N, it represented the primary driver controlling plant N nutrition through these microbial responses”
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