Abstract
Maize production requires a large amount of nitrogen (N). However, a greater part of the N used gets lost to the environment as reactive forms including nitrous oxide (N2O). N2O emissions and associated soil-related factors were measured in a maize (Zea mays L.) field in the 5th crop after initiation of the experiment in an annual maize-rice sequence. The treatments comprised two levels of crop residues (no residue, NR vs. 30 cm residue, CR) with four levels of N fertilizers (control; farmers’ practice, FP; national recommended dose, RD, and 125% of RD, 1.25 RD). Mean and cumulative N2O emissions increased with N rate coupled with either residue level. The CR coupled with 1.25 RD had 10% higher N2O emissions than the same rate as NR. In contrast, yield-scaled N2O emissions were equal in 1.25 RD coupled with either residue level. However, higher N2O emissions in CR than in NR can be offset by the corresponding improvement in soil elemental quality, e.g. soil organic carbon, total N, P, K and S. The N2O emission factor, ranged from 0.99 to 1.34, and was higher in CR coupled with 1.25 RD than in any other combination suggesting that optimization of N rate is one of the best options to reduce N2O emissions. Maize grain yield was higher in RD and 1.25 RD than in the farmers’ practice where the former two were similar to each other. Step-wise multiple regression showed that N application rate, soil organic carbon, total N and pH are the dominant factors controlling N2O emissions. Our results suggest that maize production can benefit from residue retention with the current N rate (RD) for better yield, soil quality and N2O mitigation.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Mean nitrous oxide emissions increased with nitrogen rate at either residue level.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean and cumulative N2O emissions increased with N rate coupled with either residue level.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative nitrous oxide emissions increased with nitrogen rate at either residue level.
- Treatment
- N ratee0
- Outcome
- cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- either residue levele0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean and cumulative N2O emissions increased with N rate coupled with either residue level.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue with 1.25 RD emitted 10% more nitrous oxide than no residue at the same rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CR coupled with 1.25 RD had 10% higher N2O emissions than the same rate as NR.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield scaled nitrous oxide emissions were equal under 1.25 RD for both residue levels.
- Treatment
- 1.25 RDe0
- Outcome
- yield-scaled N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- equale0
- Comparator
- either residue levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield-scaled N2O emissions were equal in 1.25 RD coupled with either residue level.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue improved soil organic carbon and total nitrogen.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N2O emissions in CR than in NR can be offset by the corresponding improvement in soil elemental quality, e.g. soil organic carbon, total N, P, K and S.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue improved soil phosphorus, potassium and sulfur.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N2O emissions in CR than in NR can be offset by the corresponding improvement in soil elemental quality, e.g. soil organic carbon, total N, P, K and S.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The nitrous oxide emission factor ranged from 0.99 to 1.34.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N2O emission factor, ranged from 0.99 to 1.34, and was higher in CR coupled with 1.25 RD than in any other combination”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The emission factor was highest for residue with 1.25 RD.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was higher in CR coupled with 1.25 RD than in any other combination”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield was higher at the recommended dose than under farmers practice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize grain yield was higher in RD and 1.25 RD than in the farmers’ practice where the former two were similar to each other.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield was higher at 1.25 RD than under farmers practice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize grain yield was higher in RD and 1.25 RD than in the farmers’ practice where the former two were similar to each other.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields at RD and 1.25 RD were similar.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize grain yield was higher in RD and 1.25 RD than in the farmers’ practice where the former two were similar to each other.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application rate, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and pH were dominant predictors of nitrous oxide emissions.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Step-wise multiple regression showed that N application rate, soil organic carbon, total N and pH are the dominant factors controlling N2O emissions.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend residue retention with RD for yield, soil quality and nitrous oxide mitigation.
- Outcome
- residue retention with the current N rate (RD)e0
- Qualifier
- better yield, soil quality and N2O mitigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that maize production can benefit from residue retention with the current N rate (RD) for better yield, soil quality and N2O mitigation.”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · environment: emissions · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 45 in the opposite direction
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