Abstract
The low utilization efficiencies of chemical N and P fertilizers largely threat the sustainability of agriculture. Green manure is conducive to increasing crop yield. This study aimed to explore the effects of leguminous and non-leguminous green manures on the maize production, and N and P fertilizers use efficiency. A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The responses of maize yield, N (NUE) and P (PUE) fertilizer use efficiency to winter fallow fields treated with no fertilizer (CK) and traditional chemical fertilizers (WF), WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that compared with WF, the maize yield was significantly increased on average by 22% and 15% in AL and CV, respectively, while it was hardly affected in OR. AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively, while RA had no significant effects on PUE, and decreased NUE by 39% in the second year. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that green manures indirectly affected NUE and PUE due to soil available N and P, which directly and indirectly influenced maize N and P uptake, and then enhanced NUE and PUE. Linear regression results showed that maize production had positive relationships with NUE and PUE. Our findings highlight that non-legume green manure would hardly influence grain yield, while legume green manure could be effective for increasing maize production by increasing NUE and PUE, especially for alfalfa in yellow soil of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa green manure increased maize yield by 22% relative to WF in the Karst region.
- Treatment
- WF with alfalfa (AL)e3
- Outcome
- maize yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 22%e1
- Comparator
- WFe1
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e1“compared with WF, the maize yield was significantly increased on average by 22% and 15% in AL and CV, respectively, while it was hardly affected in OR”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Common vetch green manure increased maize yield by 15% relative to WF.
- Treatment
- common vetch (CV)e3
- Outcome
- maize yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15%e1
- Comparator
- WFe1
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e1“compared with WF, the maize yield was significantly increased on average by 22% and 15% in AL and CV, respectively, while it was hardly affected in OR”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Oilseed rape green manure hardly affected maize yield relative to WF.
- Treatment
- oilseed rape (OR)e3
- Outcome
- maize yielde1
- Direction
- hardly affectede1
- Comparator
- WFe1
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e1“compared with WF, the maize yield was significantly increased on average by 22% and 15% in AL and CV, respectively, while it was hardly affected in OR”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa green manure significantly increased NUE by an average of 103% relative to WF.
- Treatment
- WF with alfalfa (AL)e3
- Outcome
- NUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 103%e2
- Comparator
- WFe3
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e2“AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Alfalfa green manure significantly increased PUE by an average of 66% relative to WF.
- Treatment
- WF with alfalfa (AL)e3
- Outcome
- PUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 66%e2
- Comparator
- WFe3
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e2“AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Common vetch green manure increased NUE by an average of 74% relative to WF.
- Treatment
- common vetch (CV)e3
- Outcome
- NUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 74%e2
- Comparator
- WFe3
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e2“AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
Common vetch green manure increased PUE by an average of 41% relative to WF.
- Treatment
- common vetch (CV)e3
- Outcome
- PUEe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 41%e2
- Comparator
- WFe3
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e2“AL significantly increased NUE and PUE by an average of 103% and 66%, and CV increased NUE by an average of 74% and 41%, respectively”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
Claim · model-written summary
The RA green manure had no significant effect on PUE relative to WF.
- Treatment
- RAe4
- Outcome
- PUEe4
- Direction
- no significant effectse4
- Comparator
- WFe3
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
e4“while RA had no significant effects on PUE, and decreased NUE by 39% in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
The RA green manure decreased NUE by 39% relative to WF in the second year.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e3“WF with alfalfa (AL), common vetch (CV) and oilseed rape (OR) green manures in 2020 and 2021”
e4“while RA had no significant effects on PUE, and decreased NUE by 39% in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling indicates that green manures affected NUE and PUE indirectly through soil available N and P.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that green manures indirectly affected NUE and PUE due to soil available N and P, which directly and indirectly influenced maize N and P uptake, and then enhanced NUE and PUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize production had positive relationships with NUE and PUE in linear regression.
- Outcome
- maize productione6
- Direction
- positive relationshipse6
- Setting
- Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A green manure-maize rotation experiment was conducted in the Karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau”
e6“Linear regression results showed that maize production had positive relationships with NUE and PUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume green manure could be effective for increasing maize production by increasing NUE and PUE.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“legume green manure could be effective for increasing maize production by increasing NUE and PUE”
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