Abstract
Abstract Impact damage is the most destructive effect on the seeds during harvesting, handling, and storage, both on‐farm and off‐farm. The chickpea seeds' dicotyledonous characteristics and large mass and size make them susceptible to mechanical damage under impact loading. Tests were conducted to determine the extent of damage to chickpea seeds due to the impact caused by free fall. The extent of internal damage to the chickpea seeds was determined, which included the measurement of seed deterioration by the accelerated aging method (percentage loss in germination in the accelerated aging test) and the measurement of electrical conductivity. Three independent variables were used in the test, namely: (a) drop height (3, 6, 9, and 12 m), (b) impact surface (concrete, metal, plywood and seeds on seeds), and (c) seed moisture content (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% w.b). The results showed that drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds. In terms of loss in germination, the highest damage to seeds occurred at the metal impact surface (41.96%) and the least at the seed on the seed (29.71%). The highest amount of electrical conductivity was related to the seeds dropped on the metal (36.09 μS cm −1 g −1 ) and the lowest was related to seed‐on‐seed contact (21.68 μS cm −1 g −1 ). By increasing the drop height from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74% to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm −1 g −1 , respectively. Increasing the moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25% causes a decrease in the amount of damage to the seeds in terms of electrical conductivity (from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm −1 g −1 ), but increases the damage in the form of a loss in the percentage germination in the accelerated aging test (from 29.22% to 42.88%). To reduce the impact damage to peas caused by free fall, the height of the fall should be limited to about 6 m, and they should be prevented from hitting hard and rough surfaces.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drop height significantly affected chickpea seed germination loss.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- drop heighte0
- Outcome
- loss in germination percentagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Impact surface significantly affected chickpea seed germination loss.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- impact surfacee0
- Outcome
- loss in germination percentagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed moisture significantly affected chickpea seed germination loss.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- moisture contente0
- Outcome
- loss in germination percentagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drop height significantly affected chickpea seed electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- drop heighte0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Impact surface significantly affected chickpea seed electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- impact surfacee0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed moisture significantly affected chickpea seed electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- moisture contente0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal impact produced the highest germination loss, 41.96%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- metal impact surfacee0
- Outcome
- damage to seedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 41.96%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest damage to seeds occurred at the metal impact surface (41.96%)”
t0“chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-on-seed impact produced the lowest germination loss, 29.71%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seed on the seede0
- Outcome
- loss in germinatione1
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 29.71%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the least at the seed on the seed (29.71%).”
t0“chickpea seeds”
e1“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal impact produced the highest conductivity, 36.09 μS cm −1 g −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seeds dropped on the metale0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 36.09 μS cm −1 g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest amount of electrical conductivity was related to the seeds dropped on the metal (36.09 μS cm −1 g −1 )”
t0“chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-on-seed impact produced the lowest conductivity, 21.68 μS cm −1 g −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- seed‐on‐seed contacte0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 21.68 μS cm −1 g −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest was related to seed‐on‐seed contact (21.68 μS cm −1 g −1 ).”
t0“chickpea seeds”
e1“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising drop height from 3 to 12 m increased germination loss from 27.74% to 48.08%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- drop height from 3 to 12 me0
- Outcome
- loss in germinatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.74% to 48.08%e0
- Comparator
- 3 to 12 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By increasing the drop height from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74% to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm −1 g −1 , respectively.”
t0“chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising drop height from 3 to 12 m increased conductivity from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm −1 g −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- drop height from 3 to 12 me0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm −1 g −1e0
- Comparator
- 3 to 12 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By increasing the drop height from 3 to 12 m, the loss in germination and electrical conductivity of seeds increased from 27.74% to 48.08% and from 18.72 to 40.47 μS cm −1 g −1 , respectively.”
t0“chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising moisture from 10 to 25% decreased conductivity from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm −1 g −1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25%e0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm −1 g −1e0
- Comparator
- 10 to 25%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the moisture content of chickpea seeds from 10 to 25% causes a decrease in the amount of damage to the seeds in terms of electrical conductivity (from 38.40 to 21.18 μS cm −1 g −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising moisture from 10 to 25% increased accelerated-aging germination loss from 29.22% to 42.88%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- moisture contente1
- Outcome
- loss in the percentage germinatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 29.22% to 42.88%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increases the damage in the form of a loss in the percentage germination in the accelerated aging test (from 29.22% to 42.88%).”
t0“chickpea seeds”
e1“drop height, impact surface, and moisture content had significant effects ( p < .01) on the loss in germination percentage and change in electrical conductivity of chickpea seeds.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend limiting free-fall height to about 6 m.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- height of the fall should be limited to about 6 me0
- Value
- 6 me0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the height of the fall should be limited to about 6 m”
t0“chickpea seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend preventing seeds from hitting hard and rough surfaces.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- prevented from hitting hard and rough surfacese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they should be prevented from hitting hard and rough surfaces.”
t0“chickpea seeds”
The same questions in other papers
soil water · growth · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.