Abstract
Reasonable nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) application rates can effectively improve fertilizer use efficiency, rice yield and quality. A two-year field experiment was conducted with combined application of three N rates (135, 180, and 225 kg ha -1 , denoted as N1-N3) and four K rates (0, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha -1 , denoted as K0-K3) using super indica hybrid rice cultivar Yixiangyou (YXY) 2115 to explore the effects of co-application of N and K on rice growth and development. The results indicated that the combined application of N and K had significantly interactive effects on dry matter (DM) accumulation, nutrients absorption, N harvest index (NHI), K harvest index (KHI), spikelets per panicle and most rice quality indexes. The highest total DM accumulation (17998.17-19432.47 kg ha -1 ) at maturity stage was obtained under N3K2. The effect of co-application of N and K on nutrients absorption and utilization varied between the two years and within each year. The highest total N and K accumulations at maturity stage were observed under N3K1 and N3K2, respectively, while the highest N recovery efficiency (NRE) and K recovery efficiency (KRE) were observed under N1K3. High expression levels of N and K metabolism-related genes in rice grains were observed under N3K2 or N3K3, consistent with N and K uptake. Co-application of N and K increased rice yield significantly and the highest yield (6745.02-7010.27 kg ha -1 ) was obtained under N2K2. As more N was gradually applied, rice appearance quality improved but milling, cooking and eating quality decreased. Although appropriate application of K could improve rice milling, cooking and eating quality, it reduced appearance quality. The optimal milling, cooking and eating quality were obtained under N1K2, while the best appearance quality was obtained under N3K0. Overall, a combination of 135-210 kg ha -1 N and 115-137 kg ha -1 K application rates was recommended for achieving relatively higher yield and better quality in rice production.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of N and K had significant interactive effects on dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and N harvest index in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- combined application of N and Ke3
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM) accumulation, nutrients absorption, N harvest index (NHI)e3
- Setting
- field experimente2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e2“A two-year field experiment was conducted”
e3“The results indicated that the combined application of N and K had significantly interactive effects on dry matter (DM) accumulation, nutrients absorption, N harvest index (NHI), K harvest index (KHI), spikelets per panicle and most rice quality indexes”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined application of N and K had significant interactive effects on K harvest index, spikelets per panicle and most rice quality indexes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application of N and Ke3
- Outcome
- K harvest index (KHI), spikelets per panicle and most rice quality indexese3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e2“A two-year field experiment was conducted”
e3“The results indicated that the combined application of N and K had significantly interactive effects on dry matter (DM) accumulation, nutrients absorption, N harvest index (NHI), K harvest index (KHI), spikelets per panicle and most rice quality indexes”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest total dry matter accumulation at maturity was obtained under N3K2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- maturity stagee4
- Treatment
- N3K2e4
- Outcome
- total DM accumulatione4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 17998.17-19432.47 kg ha -1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e4“The highest total DM accumulation (17998.17-19432.47 kg ha -1) at maturity stage was obtained under N3K2”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest total N accumulation at maturity was observed under N3K1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- maturity stagee5
- Treatment
- N3K1e5
- Outcome
- total N and K accumulationse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- respectivelye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e5“The highest total N and K accumulations at maturity stage were observed under N3K1 and N3K2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest total K accumulation at maturity was observed under N3K2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- maturity stagee5
- Treatment
- N3K2e5
- Outcome
- total N and K accumulationse5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- respectivelye5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e5“The highest total N and K accumulations at maturity stage were observed under N3K1 and N3K2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest N and K recovery efficiencies were observed under N1K3.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N1K3e6
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiency (NRE) and K recovery efficiency (KRE)e6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e6“highest N recovery efficiency (NRE) and K recovery efficiency (KRE) were observed under N1K3”
Claim · model-written summary
High expression of N and K metabolism-related genes in rice grains was observed under N3K2 or N3K3.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rice grainse7
- Treatment
- N3K2 or N3K3e7
- Gene
- N and K metabolism-related genese7
- Outcome
- expression levelse7
- Direction
- Highe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e7“High expression levels of N and K metabolism-related genes in rice grains were observed under N3K2 or N3K3, consistent with N and K uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of N and K significantly increased rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-application of N and Ke1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“Co-application of N and K increased rice yield significantly and the highest yield (6745.02-7010.27 kg ha -1) was obtained under N2K2”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest rice yield was obtained under N2K2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N2K2e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 6745.02-7010.27 kg ha -1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“Co-application of N and K increased rice yield significantly and the highest yield (6745.02-7010.27 kg ha -1) was obtained under N2K2”
Claim · model-written summary
As more N was applied, rice appearance quality improved.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- As more N was gradually appliede1
- Outcome
- appearance qualitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“As more N was gradually applied, rice appearance quality improved but milling, cooking and eating quality decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
As more N was applied, milling, cooking and eating quality decreased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- As more N was gradually appliede1
- Outcome
- milling, cooking and eating qualitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“As more N was gradually applied, rice appearance quality improved but milling, cooking and eating quality decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate application of K could improve rice milling, cooking and eating quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- appropriate application of Ke1
- Outcome
- rice milling, cooking and eating qualitye1
- Direction
- improvee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“Although appropriate application of K could improve rice milling, cooking and eating quality, it reduced appearance quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate application of K reduced rice appearance quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- appropriate application of Ke1
- Outcome
- appearance qualitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“Although appropriate application of K could improve rice milling, cooking and eating quality, it reduced appearance quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal milling, cooking and eating quality was obtained under N1K2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N1K2e1
- Outcome
- milling, cooking and eating qualitye1
- Direction
- optimale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“The optimal milling, cooking and eating quality were obtained under N1K2, while the best appearance quality was obtained under N3K0”
Claim · model-written summary
The best appearance quality was obtained under N3K0.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N3K0e1
- Outcome
- appearance qualitye1
- Direction
- beste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“The optimal milling, cooking and eating quality were obtained under N1K2, while the best appearance quality was obtained under N3K0”
Claim · model-written summary
A combination of 135-210 kg ha -1 N and 115-137 kg ha -1 K was recommended for relatively higher yield and better quality in rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- relatively higher yield and better qualitye1
- Value
- 135-210 kg ha -1e1
- Qualifier
- 115-137 kg ha -1 K application ratese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Optimizing rice yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency through combined application of nitrogen and potassium”
e1“a combination of 135-210 kg ha -1 N and 115-137 kg ha -1 K application rates was recommended for achieving relatively higher yield and better quality in rice production”
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