Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the development of next-generation herbicides based on allelochemicals, with a particular emphasis on plant essential oils, such as Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose) essential oil. This study has evaluated how plant ontogenic factors influence the yield, chemical composition, and phytotoxic activity of C. ladanifer essential oil. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results revealed that the content of essential oil varied significantly, with higher yields observed during the fruit maturation stage compared to the flowering stage. C. ladanifer essential oils were characterized by their richness in terpene-oxygenated compounds. The most significant finding was that C. ladanifer essential oil displayed potent dose-dependent phytotoxic activity on Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings, indicating their potential use as a natural bioherbicide in agriculture. Notably, essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''. Multivariate analyses (PCA and Heatmaps combined with cluster analysis) revealed concordance between modifications in secondary metabolism biosynthetic pathways and their enzymes implicated as responses to diverse plant-specific ecological functions. Finally, by exploring sustainable natural products like plant essential oils, this research contributes to the development of next-generation herbicides that promote crop protection while reducing environmental impact.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus essential oil yield was significantly higher at fruit maturation than flowering.
- Taxon
- Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)
Cistus ladanifert0 - Organ / stage
- fruit maturation stagee0
- Outcome
- content of essential oile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- flowering stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the content of essential oil varied significantly, with higher yields observed during the fruit maturation stage compared to the flowering stage.”
t0“Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus essential oils were rich in oxygenated terpene compounds.
- Taxon
- C. ladaniferCistus ladanifere0
- Outcome
- richness in terpene-oxygenated compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ladanifer essential oils were characterized by their richness in terpene-oxygenated compounds.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cistus essential oil had dose dependent phytotoxic activity on radish seedlings.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (radish)
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- C. ladanifer essential oile0
- Interactor
- C. ladaniferCistus ladanifere0other
- Outcome
- phytotoxic activity on Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlingse0
- Direction
- dose-dependente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. ladanifer essential oil displayed potent dose-dependent phytotoxic activity on Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit maturation oil had higher monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes than flowering oil.
- Taxon
- Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)Cistus ladanifert0
- Organ / stage
- fruit maturation stagee0
- Outcome
- higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- flowering stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''.”
t0“Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering stage oil was richer in diterpenes and other compounds.
- Taxon
- Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)Cistus ladanifert0
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee0
- Outcome
- diterpenese0
- Direction
- richere0
- Comparator
- fruit maturation stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''.”
t0“Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit maturation oil had greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination than flowering stage oil.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (radish)Raphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stagee0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- samples from the flowering stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''.”
e1“Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit maturation oil had greater phytotoxic activity on early growth than flowering stage oil.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus (radish)Raphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stagee0
- Outcome
- early growthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- samples from the flowering stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“essential oil samples from the fruit maturation stage, which contained higher levels of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (both hydrocarbons and oxygenated forms), exhibited greater phytotoxic activity on seed germination and early growth compared to the samples from the flowering stage, which were richer in diterpenes and the group labelled ``others''.”
e1“Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Multivariate analyses found concordance between changes in secondary metabolism pathways and enzymes.
- Taxon
- Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)Cistus ladanifert0
- Gene
- their enzymese0
- Outcome
- modifications in secondary metabolism biosynthetic pathwayse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Multivariate analyses (PCA and Heatmaps combined with cluster analysis) revealed concordance between modifications in secondary metabolism biosynthetic pathways and their enzymes implicated as responses to diverse plant-specific ecological functions.”
t0“Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose)”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.