Abstract
The footprints of water and nitrogen (WF and NF) provide a comprehensive overview of the type and quantity of water consumption and reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss in crop production. In this study, a field experiment over two years (2019 and 2020) compared three integrated agronomic practice management (IAPM) systems: An improved management system (T2), a high-yield production system (T3), and an integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM) using a local smallholder farmer’s practice system (T1) as control, to investigate the responses of WF, Nr losses, water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to IAPM. The results showed that IAPM optimized water distribution and promoted water use by summer maize. The evapotranspiration over the whole maize growth period of IAPM increased, but yield increased more, leading to a significant increase in WUE. The WUE of the T2, T3, and ISCM treatments was significantly greater than in the T1 treatment, in 2019 and 2020 respectively, by 19.8-21.5, 31.8-40.6, and 34.4-44.6%. The lowest WF was found in the ISCM treatment, which was 31.0% lower than that of the T1 treatment. In addition, the ISCM treatment optimized soil total nitrogen (TN) distribution and significantly increased TN in the cultivated layer. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer was applied in treatment T3, producing the highest maize yield, and resulting in the highest Nr losses. In contrast, the ISCM treatment used a reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate, sacrificing grain yield partly, which reduced Nr losses and eventually led to a significant increase in nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery. The Nr level in the ISCM treatment was 34.8% lower than in the T1 treatment while NUE was significantly higher than in the T1 treatment by 56.8-63.1% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Considering yield, WUE, NUE, WF, and NF together, ISCM should be used as a more sustainable and clean system for sustainable production of summer maize.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
WUE of the improved management system (T2) was significantly greater than T1, by 19.8-21.5 (2019 and 2020 respectively).
- Treatment
- improved management system (T2)e0
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 19.8-21.5e1
- Qualifier
- in 2019 and 2020 respectivelye1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e0“An improved management system (T2), a high-yield production system (T3), and an integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM)”
e1“The WUE of the T2, T3, and ISCM treatments was significantly greater than in the T1 treatment, in 2019 and 2020 respectively, by 19.8-21.5, 31.8-40.6, and 34.4-44.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE of the high-yield production system (T3) was significantly greater than T1, by 31.8-40.6 (2019 and 2020 respectively).
- Treatment
- high-yield production system (T3)e0
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 31.8-40.6e1
- Qualifier
- in 2019 and 2020 respectivelye1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e0“An improved management system (T2), a high-yield production system (T3), and an integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM)”
e1“The WUE of the T2, T3, and ISCM treatments was significantly greater than in the T1 treatment, in 2019 and 2020 respectively, by 19.8-21.5, 31.8-40.6, and 34.4-44.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE of the integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM) was significantly greater than T1, by 34.4-44.6%.
- Treatment
- integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM)e0
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 34.4-44.6%e1
- Qualifier
- in 2019 and 2020 respectivelye1
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e0“An improved management system (T2), a high-yield production system (T3), and an integrated soil-crop management system (ISCM)”
e1“The WUE of the T2, T3, and ISCM treatments was significantly greater than in the T1 treatment, in 2019 and 2020 respectively, by 19.8-21.5, 31.8-40.6, and 34.4-44.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
The ISCM treatment had the lowest water footprint, 31.0% lower than T1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e2“The lowest WF was found in the ISCM treatment, which was 31.0% lower than that of the T1 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The ISCM treatment lowered the Nr level by 34.8% relative to T1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e3“The Nr level in the ISCM treatment was 34.8% lower than in the T1 treatment while NUE was significantly higher than in the T1 treatment by 56.8-63.1% in 2019 and 2020, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
NUE under the ISCM treatment was significantly higher than T1, by 56.8-63.1% (2019 and 2020 respectively).
- Treatment
- ISCM treatmente3
- Outcome
- NUEe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 56.8-63.1%e3
- Qualifier
- in 2019 and 2020, respectivelye3
- Comparator
- T1 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e3“The Nr level in the ISCM treatment was 34.8% lower than in the T1 treatment while NUE was significantly higher than in the T1 treatment by 56.8-63.1% in 2019 and 2020, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate under ISCM reduced Nr losses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e4“the ISCM treatment used a reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate, sacrificing grain yield partly, which reduced Nr losses and eventually led to a significant increase in nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate under ISCM partly sacrificed grain yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e4“the ISCM treatment used a reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate, sacrificing grain yield partly, which reduced Nr losses and eventually led to a significant increase in nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate under ISCM gave a significant increase in nitrogen recovery.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e4“the ISCM treatment used a reduced nitrogen fertilizer rate, sacrificing grain yield partly, which reduced Nr losses and eventually led to a significant increase in nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
IAPM promoted water use by summer maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e5“The results showed that IAPM optimized water distribution and promoted water use by summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
IAPM optimized water distribution in summer maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e5“The results showed that IAPM optimized water distribution and promoted water use by summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
IAPM increased evapotranspiration over the whole maize growth period.
- Treatment
- IAPMe6
- Outcome
- evapotranspiratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- over the whole maize growth periode6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e6“The evapotranspiration over the whole maize growth period of IAPM increased, but yield increased more”
Claim · model-written summary
Under IAPM, maize yield increased more than evapotranspiration did.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e6“The evapotranspiration over the whole maize growth period of IAPM increased, but yield increased more”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen fertilizer in T3 gave the highest maize yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e7“Excessive nitrogen fertilizer was applied in treatment T3, producing the highest maize yield, and resulting in the highest Nr losses”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive nitrogen fertilizer in T3 gave the highest Nr losses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e7“Excessive nitrogen fertilizer was applied in treatment T3, producing the highest maize yield, and resulting in the highest Nr losses”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ISCM as a more sustainable and clean system for summer maize production.
- Outcome
- ISCM should be used as a more sustainable and clean systeme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“summer maize cropping system”
e7“ISCM should be used as a more sustainable and clean system for sustainable production of summer maize”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.