Abstract
Milpa is an agroecological production system based on the polyculture of plant species, with corn featuring as a central component. Traditionally, the milpa system does not require the application of chemicals, and so pest attacks and poor growth in poor soils can have adverse effects on its production. Therefore, the application of bioinoculants could be a strategy for improving crop growth and health; however, the effect of external inoculant agents on the endemic microbiota associated with corn has not been extensively studied. Here, the objective of this work was to fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem with the PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens UM270, evaluating its impact on the diversity of the rhizosphere (rhizobiome) and root endophytic (root endobiome) microbiomes of maize plants. The endobiome of maize roots was evaluated by 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequencing, and the rhizobiome was assessed by metagenomic sequencing upon inoculation with the strain UM270. The results showed that UM270 inoculation of the rhizosphere of P. fluorescens UM270 did not increase alpha diversity in either the monoculture or milpa, but it did alter the endophytic microbiome of maize plant roots by stimulating the presence of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas (in a monoculture), whereas, in the milpa system, the PGPR stimulated greater endophytic diversity and the presence of genera such as Burkholderia, Variovorax, and N-fixing rhizobia genera, including Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. No clear association was found between fungal diversity and the presence of strain UM270, but beneficial fungi, such as Rizophagus irregularis and Exophiala pisciphila, were detected in the Milpa system. In addition, network analysis revealed unique interactions with species such as Stenotrophomonas sp., Burkholderia xenovorans, and Sphingobium yanoikuyae, which could potentially play beneficial roles in the plant. Finally, the UM270 strain does not seem to have a strong impact on the microbial diversity of the rhizosphere, but it does have a strong impact on some functions, such as trehalose synthesis, ammonium assimilation, and polyamine metabolism. The inoculation of UM270 biofertilizer in maize plants modifies the rhizo- and endophytic microbiomes with a high potential for stimulating plant growth and health in agroecological crop models.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
UM270 inoculation of the rhizosphere did not increase alpha diversity of maize microbiota in monoculture or milpa.
- Treatment
- UM270 inoculation of the rhizospheree1
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens UM270
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense1symbiont - Outcome
- alpha diversitye1
- Direction
- not increasee1
- Setting
- monoculture or milpae1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“UM270 inoculation of the rhizosphere of P. fluorescens UM270 did not increase alpha diversity in either the monoculture or milpa”
Claim · model-written summary
UM270 inoculation stimulated the presence of Burkholderia and Pseudomonas OTUs in the endophytic microbiome of maize roots in monoculture.
- Organ / stage
- maize plant rootse2
- Treatment
- UM270 inoculation of the rhizospheree1
- Interactor
- Burkholderia and Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Burkholderiae2symbiont - Outcome
- endophytic microbiomee2
- Direction
- stimulatinge2
- Setting
- in a monoculturee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“UM270 inoculation of the rhizosphere of P. fluorescens UM270 did not increase alpha diversity in either the monoculture or milpa”
e2“but it did alter the endophytic microbiome of maize plant roots by stimulating the presence of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the genera Burkholderia and Pseudomonas (in a monoculture)”
Claim · model-written summary
The PGPR stimulated greater endophytic diversity of maize in the milpa system.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e3“in the milpa system, the PGPR stimulated greater endophytic diversity”
Claim · model-written summary
The PGPR stimulated the presence of Burkholderia, Rhizobium and other N-fixing genera in the milpa maize endophytes.
- Treatment
- PGPRe3
- Interactor
- BurkholderiaBurkholderiae4symbiont
- Outcome
- presence of generae4
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Qualifier
- Mesorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobiume4
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e3“in the milpa system, the PGPR stimulated greater endophytic diversity”
e4“the presence of genera such as Burkholderia, Variovorax, and N-fixing rhizobia genera, including Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
No clear association was found between fungal diversity and the presence of strain UM270.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e5“No clear association was found between fungal diversity and the presence of strain UM270”
Claim · model-written summary
Beneficial fungi Rizophagus irregularis and Exophiala pisciphila were detected in maize in the Milpa system.
- Interactor
- Rizophagus irregularise6symbiont
- Second interactor
- Exophiala pisciphilaExophiala pisciphilae6symbiont
- Outcome
- beneficial fungie6
- Setting
- Milpa systeme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e6“beneficial fungi, such as Rizophagus irregularis and Exophiala pisciphila, were detected in the Milpa system”
Claim · model-written summary
Network analysis revealed unique interactions of maize-associated microbes with Stenotrophomonas sp. and Burkholderia xenovorans, and Sphingobium yanoikuyae.
- Interactor
- Stenotrophomonas sp.
Stenotrophomonase7symbiont - Second interactor
- Burkholderia xenovoransParaburkholderia xenovoranse7symbiont
- Outcome
- unique interactionse7
- Qualifier
- Sphingobium yanoikuyaee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e7“network analysis revealed unique interactions with species such as Stenotrophomonas sp., Burkholderia xenovorans, and Sphingobium yanoikuyae”
Claim · model-written summary
UM270 strain does not seem to have a strong impact on the microbial diversity of the rhizosphere.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“the UM270 strain does not seem to have a strong impact on the microbial diversity of the rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
UM270 has a strong impact on some functions: trehalose synthesis, ammonium assimilation, and polyamine metabolism.
- Treatment
- UM270 straine1
- Outcome
- trehalose synthesis, ammonium assimilation, and polyamine metabolisme2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“the UM270 strain does not seem to have a strong impact on the microbial diversity of the rhizosphere”
e2“it does have a strong impact on some functions, such as trehalose synthesis, ammonium assimilation, and polyamine metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with UM270 biofertilizer modifies the rhizo- and endophytic microbiomes of maize.
- Treatment
- inoculation of UM270 biofertilizere1
- Outcome
- rhizo- and endophytic microbiomese1
- Direction
- modifiese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“The inoculation of UM270 biofertilizer in maize plants modifies the rhizo- and endophytic microbiomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with UM270 biofertilizer has a high potential for stimulating maize growth and health in agroecological crop models.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertilize a maize crop under a milpa agrosystem”
e1“The inoculation of UM270 biofertilizer in maize plants modifies the rhizo- and endophytic microbiomes”
e2“with a high potential for stimulating plant growth and health in agroecological crop models”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Pseudomonas fluorescens · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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