Abstract
The family Araceae, comprising ornamentals including Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, Colocasia, and Zantedeschia, is susceptible to Xanthomonas pathogens. Previous analyses have established heterogeneity in aroid strains, yet unresolved taxonomic positions and dynamics between Xanthomonas and frequently associated Stenotrophomonas in aroids necessitate in-depth genetic investigation to resolve these complex relationships. This study utilized multilocus sequence analysis of housekeeping genes atpD, dnaA, dnaK, gltA, and gyrB to investigate 59 aroid strains, selected based on hosts, time, and geographical origins. After adding sequences from additional strains from NCBI GenBank, analysis of 161 concatenated sequences indicated that all aroid strains fell within Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas. Thirty-six strains isolated from Anthurium grouped under X. phaseoli, with outliers including one strain each in X. arboricola and X. sacchari and two in Stenotrophomonas. Six strains from Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron formed host-specific subgroups within X. euvesicatoria. One strain from Dieffenbachia aligned with X. campestris, whereas strains from Colocasia, Aglaonema, and Spathiphyllum clustered with X. sacchari. Apart from the zantedeschia strain described as X. arboricola pv. zantedeschiae, two colocasia, one epipremnum, and one anthurium strain joined the X. arboricola group. Overall, this study revealed significant heterogeneity among aroid strains, with anthurium strains clustering closely despite distant geographical origins. The analysis underscores the complexity of host-pathogen specificity within Xanthomonas and emphasizes the need for further taxonomic clarification through whole-genome analysis of representative strains. The findings of this research will facilitate strain selection for inclusivity and exclusivity panels in developing diagnostic assays for X. phaseoli and xanthomonads affecting aroids.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The 36 Anthurium-isolated strains grouped under X. phaseoli.
- Interactor
- X. phaseoliXanthomonas phaseolie0pathogen
- Outcome
- grouped under X. phaseolie0
- Value
- Thirty-six strainse0
AnthuriumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thirty-six strains isolated from Anthurium grouped under X. phaseoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Outlier aroid strains included one strain each in X. arboricola and X. sacchari.
- Taxon
- aroide6
- Interactor
- X. arboricolaXanthomonas arboricolae1pathogen
- Second interactor
- X. sacchariXanthomonas saccharie1pathogen
- Outcome
- outlierse1
- Value
- one strain eache1
Verbatim
e1“with outliers including one strain each in X. arboricola and X. sacchari and two in Stenotrophomonas”
e6“analysis of 161 concatenated sequences indicated that all aroid strains fell within Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas”
Claim · model-written summary
Two outlier aroid strains fell within Stenotrophomonas.
- Taxon
- aroide6
- Interactor
- Stenotrophomonas
Stenotrophomonase1other - Outcome
- outlierse1
- Value
- twoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“with outliers including one strain each in X. arboricola and X. sacchari and two in Stenotrophomonas”
e6“analysis of 161 concatenated sequences indicated that all aroid strains fell within Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas”
Claim · model-written summary
Six strains from Caladium, Dieffenbachia and Philodendron formed host-specific subgroups within X. euvesicatoria.
- Taxon
- Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron
Dieffenbachia
Philodendron
Caladiume2 - Interactor
- X. euvesicatoriaXanthomonas euvesicatoriae2pathogen
- Outcome
- host-specific subgroupse2
- Value
- Six strainse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Six strains from Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron formed host-specific subgroups within X. euvesicatoria”
Claim · model-written summary
One Dieffenbachia strain aligned with X. campestris.
- Taxon
- DieffenbachiaDieffenbachiae3
- Interactor
- X. campestris
_(25868012152).jpg?width=60)
Xanthomonas campestrise3pathogen - Outcome
- aligned with X. campestrise3
- Value
- One straine3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(25868012152).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“One strain from Dieffenbachia aligned with X. campestris”
Claim · model-written summary
Strains from Colocasia, Aglaonema and Spathiphyllum clustered with X. sacchari.
- Taxon
- Colocasia, Aglaonema, and Spathiphyllum
Colocasia
Spathiphyllum_(15430689748).jpg?width=60)
Aglaonemae4 - Interactor
- X. sacchariXanthomonas saccharie4pathogen
- Outcome
- clustered with X. saccharie4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(15430689748).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“strains from Colocasia, Aglaonema, and Spathiphyllum clustered with X. sacchari”
Claim · model-written summary
Two Colocasia strains, one Epipremnum strain and one Anthurium strain joined the X. arboricola group.
- Interactor
- X. arboricolaXanthomonas arboricolae5pathogen
- Outcome
- joined the X. arboricola groupe5
- Value
- twoe5
- Qualifier
- one epipremnum, and one anthurium straine5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“two colocasia, one epipremnum, and one anthurium strain joined the X. arboricola group”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthurium strains cluster closely despite distant geographical origins.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“this study revealed significant heterogeneity among aroid strains, with anthurium strains clustering closely despite distant geographical origins”
Claim · model-written summary
Aroid strains show significant heterogeneity.
Verbatim
e7“this study revealed significant heterogeneity among aroid strains, with anthurium strains clustering closely despite distant geographical origins”
Claim · model-written summary
All aroid strains fell within Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas.
- Taxon
- aroide6
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas
_-_Howard_F._Schwartz%2C_Colorado_State_University.jpg?width=60)
Xanthomonase6pathogen - Second interactor
- StenotrophomonasStenotrophomonase6other
- Outcome
- fell withine6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Howard_F._Schwartz%2C_Colorado_State_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e6“analysis of 161 concatenated sequences indicated that all aroid strains fell within Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas”