Abstract
To improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during rice cultivation, it is essential to comprehend the morphological and physiological traits of rice roots. However, in high-fertility black soil regions of Northeast China, the effects of combining biochar application with water-saving irrigation (WSI) conditions on rice root development and nitrogen utilization are still unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a combination of field experiments and 15N tracer micro-area investigations was conducted in this study. Four treatments were implemented: (i) controlled irrigation without biochar application (CB0); (ii) controlled irrigation with 2.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB1); (iii) controlled irrigation with 12.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB2); and (iv) controlled irrigation with 25 t ha–1 biochar application (CB3). Flooded irrigation conditions without biochar treatment (FB0) were used as the control. The primary objective of this research was to identify the mechanisms by which combined WSI conditions and biochar application affect rice root development and nitrogen utilization. Biochar application enhanced rice root morphological and physiological characteristics. Optimal biochar application increased the longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW), root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA) of rice while also optimizing the root–shoot ratio and facilitating nitrogen absorption by roots. These changes in root morphological and physiological characteristics facilitated the absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen by rice roots, ultimately leading to improvements in rice yields and NUEs. Notably, the rice yields, NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of biochar application as a strategy to ensure food security and enhance NUE under WSI conditions. Furthermore, this study suggests that the recommended optimal application amount of biochar for the black soil area of Northeast China is 12.5 t ha−1.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved rice root morphological and physiological characteristics.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- rice root morphological and physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application enhanced rice root morphological and physiological characteristics.”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal biochar increased root length, volume and fresh weight.
- Treatment
- Optimal biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Optimal biochar application increased the longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal biochar increased root active absorption area, bleeding intensity and activity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA)e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA) of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal biochar optimized the root–shoot ratio and facilitated nitrogen absorption.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“optimizing the root–shoot ratio and facilitating nitrogen absorption by roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root changes facilitated fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rice rootse0
- Outcome
- absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes in root morphological and physiological characteristics facilitated the absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen by rice roots”
Claim · model-written summary
CB2 rice yield exceeded FB0 by 16.45%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CB2e0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 16.45%e0
- Comparator
- FB0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rice yields, NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CB2 NUE exceeded FB0 by 39.42%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CB2 nitrogen agronomic efficiency exceeded FB0 by 24.48%.
- Treatment
- CB2e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.48%e0
- Comparator
- FB0e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CB2 nitrogen partial factor productivity exceeded FB0 by 16.45%.
- Treatment
- CB2e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 16.45%e0
- Comparator
- FB0e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 12.5 t ha−1 biochar in Northeast China black soil.
- Outcome
- recommended optimal application amount of biochare0
- Value
- 12.5 t ha−1e0
- Setting
- Northeast Chinae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“recommended optimal application amount of biochar for the black soil area of Northeast China is 12.5 t ha−1”
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