Abstract
Economic consumption and environmental impacts due to potassium (K) inputs in agriculture are gaining increasing attention. It is urgent to improve K use efficiency (KUE) for agricultural development. Delayed sowing has been shown to maintain grain yield in winter wheat. Still, there needs to be more information regarding the effect of sowing date on crop K status evaluated by the K nutrition index (KNI), KUE, K uptake efficiency (UPE), K utilization efficiency (UTE), and grain K concentration (GKC). Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars with three sowing date treatments composed of 26 September (early sowing), 8 October (normal sowing), and 22 October (late sowing) in the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 growing seasons. The influences of sowing date on the KNI, tillering, grain yield formation, KUE, UPE, UTE, K transport, and GKC were examined. Our study indicated that late sowing in winter wheat was an almost optimal K nutritional situation, whereas early and normal sowing were under situations of excess K. As sowing was delayed, aboveground K uptake (AGK), UPE, and spike number per unit area decreased; UTE and grain number per spike increased; and grain yield and KUE were unchanged. A positive correlation between KNI and UPE and spike number per unit area and a negative correlation between KNI and UTE and grain number per spike were found, whereas no significant correlation between KNI and KUE was observed. Late sowing promoted K transport from pre-anthesis accumulation in vegetative organs to grain, resulting in a higher GKC, which could lead to high grain quality and K recovery. Therefore, late sowing winter wheat can use K more efficiently and increase GKC, implying that delayed sowing can reduce K input, favoring sustainable agriculture development.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing gave an almost optimal K nutritional situation in winter wheat, whereas early and normal sowing were in excess K.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Outcome
- almost optimal K nutritional situatione1
- Comparator
- early and normal sowinge1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Our study indicated that late sowing in winter wheat was an almost optimal K nutritional situation, whereas early and normal sowing were under situations of excess K”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing decreased aboveground K uptake, UPE and spike number per unit area in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Treatment
- sowing was delayede3
- Outcome
- aboveground K uptake (AGK), UPE, and spike number per unit areae3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“As sowing was delayed”
e3“As sowing was delayed, aboveground K uptake (AGK), UPE, and spike number per unit area decreased”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing increased UTE and grain number per spike in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Treatment
- sowing was delayede2
- Outcome
- UTE and grain number per spikee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“As sowing was delayed”
e4“UTE and grain number per spike increased”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing left grain yield and KUE unchanged in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Treatment
- sowing was delayede2
- Outcome
- grain yield and KUEe5
- Direction
- unchangede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“As sowing was delayed”
e5“grain yield and KUE were unchanged”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
KNI was positively correlated with UPE and spike number per unit area in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Outcome
- UPE and spike number per unit areae6
- Direction
- positive correlatione6
- Qualifier
- KNIe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“A positive correlation between KNI and UPE and spike number per unit area”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
KNI was negatively correlated with UTE and grain number per spike in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Outcome
- UTE and grain number per spikee7
- Direction
- negative correlatione7
- Qualifier
- KNIe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“a negative correlation between KNI and UTE and grain number per spike”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
KNI showed no significant correlation with KUE in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Shannong23 and Tainong18e0
- Outcome
- KUEe1
- Direction
- no significant correlatione1
- Qualifier
- KNIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“no significant correlation between KNI and KUE was observed”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing increased grain K concentration (GKC) in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Late sowinge1
- Outcome
- GKCe1
- Direction
- highere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Late sowing promoted K transport from pre-anthesis accumulation in vegetative organs to grain, resulting in a higher GKC”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing promoted K transport from pre-anthesis vegetative organs to grain in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative organse1
- Treatment
- Late sowinge1
- Outcome
- K transporte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Late sowing promoted K transport from pre-anthesis accumulation in vegetative organs to grain, resulting in a higher GKC”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing can reduce K input in winter wheat production, favouring sustainable agriculture.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge1
- Outcome
- K inpute1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“implying that delayed sowing can reduce K input, favoring sustainable agriculture development”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Late sowing winter wheat can use K more efficiently.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late sowinge1
- Outcome
- use K more efficientlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, late sowing winter wheat can use K more efficiently and increase GKC”
e0“Here, we assessed Shannong23 and Tainong18 winter wheat cultivars”
The same questions in other papers
sowing time · nutrient: content · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
20 papers more in this group
See all 24 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.