Abstract
Deep placement of controlled-release urea is an effective fertiliser management strategy for improving the maize productivity, but it is not clear whether and how controlled-release urea depth affects the stem and root lodging of spring maize. Two consecutive years of field experiments were conducted to elucidate stem and root lodging properties and their relationship between grain yield and lodging behaviours under various controlled-release urea placement depths. Results depicted that compared to broadcast nitrogen treatment (D0), deep controlled-release urea significantly decreased the stem lodging rate by 34.7–80.4%, which contributed to improving the mechanical characteristics of the internode by optimising the internode diameter and dry matter in the third basal internode as well as higher lignin content. In addition, due to a greater and deeper root system (root dry weight, root surface area, root length and root width) as well as larger angle, diameter, and tension of aerial root that significantly decreased root lodging rate (37.0–88.4%). Furthermore, deep placement of controlled-release urea significantly increased the 100-grain weight, grain number and harvested index by constructing a deeper and larger root system, which significantly improved maize grain yield by 14.2–38.5%, and the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 4.8–10.7%. The highest grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and lowest lodging rate occurred in controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm. Hence, our study suggests that controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm were an efficient nitrogen fertiliser management strategy to improve crop productivity as well as lodging resistance in spring maize.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Deep controlled-release urea decreased stem lodging rate by 34.7–80.4% versus broadcast nitrogen.
- Treatment
- deep controlled-release ureae0
- Outcome
- stem lodging ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 34.7–80.4%e0
- Comparator
- broadcast nitrogen treatment (D0)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to broadcast nitrogen treatment (D0), deep controlled-release urea significantly decreased the stem lodging rate by 34.7–80.4%”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea improved internode mechanical characteristics, diameter and dry matter.
- Organ / stage
- third basal internodee0
- Treatment
- controlled-release ureat1
- Outcome
- mechanical characteristics of the internodee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving the mechanical characteristics of the internode by optimising the internode diameter and dry matter in the third basal internode”
t0“spring maize”
t1“controlled-release urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea increased lignin content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher lignin content”
t0“controlled-release urea”
t1“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea increased root dry weight, surface area and length.
- Treatment
- controlled-release ureat0
- Outcome
- root dry weight, root surface area, root lengthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater and deeper root system (root dry weight, root surface area, root length and root width)”
t0“controlled-release urea”
t1“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea increased root width and aerial root angle, diameter and tension.
- Treatment
- controlled-release ureat0
- Outcome
- angle, diameter, and tension of aerial roote0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root width) as well as larger angle, diameter, and tension of aerial root”
t0“controlled-release urea”
t1“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea reduced root lodging rate by 37.0–88.4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly decreased root lodging rate (37.0–88.4%)”
t0“controlled-release urea”
t1“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea increased 100-grain weight, grain number and harvest index.
- Treatment
- deep placement of controlled-release ureae0
- Outcome
- 100-grain weight, grain number and harvested indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep placement of controlled-release urea significantly increased the 100-grain weight, grain number and harvested index”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep urea improved grain yield by 14.2–38.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly improved maize grain yield by 14.2–38.5%”
t0“controlled-release urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency increased by 4.8–10.7%.
- Treatment
- controlled-release ureat0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.8–10.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nitrogen use efficiency increased by 4.8–10.7%”
t0“controlled-release urea”
t1“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 cm depth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were highest and lodging lowest.
- Treatment
- controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cme0
- Outcome
- highest grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and lowest lodging ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency and lowest lodging rate occurred in controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 15 cm controlled-release urea placement for productivity and lodging resistance.
- Outcome
- controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“controlled-release urea placement depths of 15 cm were an efficient nitrogen fertiliser management strategy to improve crop productivity as well as lodging resistance in spring maize”
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