Abstract
Abstract Background In plants, GABA plays a critical role in regulating salinity stress tolerance. However, the response of soybean seedlings ( Glycine max L.) to exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) under saline stress conditions has not been fully elucidated. Results This study investigated the effects of exogenous GABA (2 mM) on plant biomass and the physiological mechanism through which soybean plants are affected by saline stress conditions (0, 40, and 80 mM of NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 at a 1:1 molar ratio). We noticed that increased salinity stress negatively impacted the growth and metabolism of soybean seedlings, compared to control. The root-stem-leaf biomass (27- and 33%, 20- and 58%, and 25- and 59% under 40- and 80 mM stress, respectively]) and the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly decreased. Moreover, the carotenoid content increased significantly (by 35%) following treatment with 40 mM stress. The results exhibited significant increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) oxidized glutathione (GSSG), Na + , and Cl − under 40- and 80 mM stress levels, respectively. However, the concentration of mineral nutrients, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars reduced significantly under both salinity stress levels. In contrast, the proline and glycine betaine concentrations increased compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the enzymatic activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly, while those of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase increased following saline stress, indicating the overall sensitivity of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH). However, exogenous GABA decreased Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentration but enhanced photosynthetic pigments, mineral nutrients (K + , K + /Na + ratio, Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ ); osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and soluble protein); enzymatic antioxidant activities; and AsA-GSH pools, thus reducing salinity-associated stress damage and resulting in improved growth and biomass. The positive impact of exogenously applied GABA on soybean plants could be attributed to its ability to improve their physiological stress response mechanisms and reduce harmful substances. Conclusion Applying GABA to soybean plants could be an effective strategy for mitigating salinity stress. In the future, molecular studies may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which GABA regulates salt tolerance in soybeans.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced soybean root biomass by 27% and 33% at 40 and 80 mM.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlings
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 40- and 80 mM stresse0
- Outcome
- root-stem-leaf biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 27- and 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root-stem-leaf biomass (27- and 33%, 20- and 58%, and 25- and 59% under 40- and 80 mM stress, respectively]) and the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly decreased.”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced chlorophyll a and b concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresst0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly decreased”
t0“salinity stress tolerance in soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carotenoid content rose 35% under 40 mM salinity.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 40 mM stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the carotenoid content increased significantly (by 35%) following treatment with 40 mM stress”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased oxidative damage markers and sodium and chloride.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 40- and 80 mM stress levelse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) oxidized glutathione (GSSG), Na + , and Cl −e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), malondialdehyde (MDA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) oxidized glutathione (GSSG), Na + , and Cl − under 40- and 80 mM stress levels”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced mineral nutrients, soluble proteins and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- salinity stress levelse0
- Outcome
- mineral nutrients, soluble proteins, and soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of mineral nutrients, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars reduced significantly under both salinity stress levels”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased proline and glycine betaine relative to controls.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresst0
- Outcome
- proline and glycine betaine concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proline and glycine betaine concentrations increased compared with those in the control group”
t0“salinity stress tolerance in soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased four ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- saline stresse1
- Outcome
- enzymatic activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidasee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the enzymatic activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly”
t0“soybean seedlings”
e1“following saline stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- saline stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase increased following saline stress”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA lowered sodium, chloride, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde under salinity.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA decreased Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentration”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA enhanced photosynthetic pigments and mineral nutrition.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, mineral nutrients (K + , K + /Na + ratio, Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ )e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous GABA decreased Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentration but enhanced photosynthetic pigments, mineral nutrients (K + , K + /Na + ratio, Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ )”
t0“soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA enhanced osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes and AsA-GSH pools.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe1
- Outcome
- osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and soluble protein); enzymatic antioxidant activities; and AsA-GSH poolse0
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, soluble sugar, and soluble protein); enzymatic antioxidant activities; and AsA-GSH pools”
t0“GABA) improves salinity stress tolerance in soybean seedlings by modulating their mineral nutrition, osmolyte contents, and ascorbate-glutathione cycle”
e1“exogenous GABA decreased Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentration”
e2“but enhanced photosynthetic pigments”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA reduced salinity damage and improved growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- soybean seedlingsGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exogenous GABAe1
- Outcome
- growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus reducing salinity-associated stress damage and resulting in improved growth and biomass”
t0“GABA) improves salinity stress tolerance in soybean seedlings”
e1“exogenous GABA decreased Na + , Cl − , H 2 O 2 , and MDA concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose GABA application to mitigate soybean salinity stress.
- Taxon
- soybean plantsGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- mitigating salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying GABA to soybean plants could be an effective strategy for mitigating salinity stress”
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