Abstract
Abstract Background Food and nutritional security remain a major thrust area in the under developed and developing countries. These problems are exaggerated by the unprecedented challenges of climate change. Aims The aim of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes as well as their effect on soil aggregate fractions and aggregate associated carbon. Methodology In the context, the present study was formulated by considering four predicted climate scenarios, namely, T 0 C 0 (ambient condition), T 0 C 1 (approx. 25% higher CO 2 ), T 1 C 0 (2°C higher temperature) and T 1 C 1 (25% higher CO 2 + 2°C higher temperature) and their impact on grain quality of wheat (HD2967, HD2733, DBW17, and HD3093) and rice (IR83376‐B‐B‐24‐2, IR84895‐B‐127‐CRA‐5‐1‐1, R Bhagwati, and IR64) genotypes as well as soil aggregate fractions and aggregate associated carbon. Results The result revealed that T 0 C 1 has a negative impact on grain nitrogen and protein content. On an average, nitrogen content in wheat and rice showed a decrease of about 15.55% (5.52%–25.32%) and 11.44% (3.33%–23.86%), respectively. Interestingly, the concurrent effect of elevated CO 2 and temperature resulted in higher nitrogen and protein content as compared to other climate conditions. Further, P (P) content in the wheat and rice grains also improved under the elevated CO 2 condition, whereas the content of potassium was not significantly influenced. Apart from major nutrients, micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were significantly influenced by climatic variables. The study revealed that grain Zn and Fe content of both the crops were reduced due to elevated CO 2 . The data on soil aggregate fractions revealed that elevated CO 2 favors the formation of macro‐aggregate, whereas an increase in temperature favors micro‐aggregate fractions in the soil. Further, the elevation of CO 2 also resulted in the accumulation of more carbon in the macro‐aggregates. Conclusion We conclude that elevated CO 2 and temperature cause specific changes in soil aggregate formation and grain nutrient quality. Based on molar ratio of P/Zn and P/Fe, we identified varieties of rice (IR83376‐B‐B‐24‐2) and wheat (HD2733) with higher bioavailability to address the nutritional security with changing climate in developing countries.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 plus 2 C warming (T 0 C 1) had a negative impact on grain nitrogen and protein content of wheat and rice genotypes relative to ambient conditions.
- Taxon
- wheat and rice
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- T 0 C 1e1
- Outcome
- grain nitrogen and protein contente1
- Direction
- negative impacte1
- Comparator
- T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e1“The result revealed that T 0 C 1 has a negative impact on grain nitrogen and protein content”
e2“T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content in wheat grain decreased by about 15.55% (5.52%–25.32%) under T 0 C 1 relative to ambient conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- T 0 C 1e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 15.55% (5.52%–25.32%)e1
- Comparator
- T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T 0 C 1 has a negative impact on grain nitrogen and protein content. On an average, nitrogen content in wheat and rice showed a decrease of about 15.55% (5.52%–25.32%) and 11.44% (3.33%–23.86%)”
e2“T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content in rice grain decreased by about 11.44% (3.33%–23.86%) under T 0 C 1 relative to ambient conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- T 0 C 1e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 11.44% (3.33%–23.86%)e1
- Comparator
- T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“T 0 C 1 has a negative impact on grain nitrogen and protein content. On an average, nitrogen content in wheat and rice showed a decrease of about 15.55% (5.52%–25.32%) and 11.44% (3.33%–23.86%)”
e2“T 0 C 0 (ambient condition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Concurrent elevated CO2 and temperature gave higher nitrogen and protein content than the other climate conditions.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- concurrent effect of elevated CO 2 and temperaturee3
- Outcome
- nitrogen and protein contente3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- other climate conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e3“the concurrent effect of elevated CO 2 and temperature resulted in higher nitrogen and protein content as compared to other climate conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus content of wheat and rice grains improved under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2 conditione4
- Outcome
- P (P) contente4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“P (P) content in the wheat and rice grains also improved under the elevated CO 2 condition”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain potassium content was not significantly influenced by the climate treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- content of potassiume5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e5“whereas the content of potassium was not significantly influenced”
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrients Zn and Fe in grain were significantly influenced by climatic variables.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- micronutrients (Zn and Fe)e6
- Qualifier
- significantly influenced by climatic variablese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e6“micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were significantly influenced by climatic variables”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain Zn and Fe content of both crops was reduced by elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e7
- Outcome
- grain Zn and Fe contente7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e7“grain Zn and Fe content of both the crops were reduced due to elevated CO 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 favours the formation of macro-aggregates in soil.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- elevated CO 2e2
- Outcome
- formation of macro‐aggregatee2
- Direction
- favorse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e2“elevated CO 2 favors the formation of macro‐aggregate”
Claim · model-written summary
An increase in temperature favours micro-aggregate fractions in soil.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- an increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- micro‐aggregate fractionse2
- Direction
- favorse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e2“an increase in temperature favors micro‐aggregate fractions in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the accumulation of carbon in macro-aggregates.
- Taxon
- wheat and riceOryza sativaTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the elevation of CO 2e2
- Outcome
- carbon in the macro‐aggregatese2
- Direction
- accumulation of moree2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain quality of wheat and rice genotypes”
e2“the elevation of CO 2 also resulted in the accumulation of more carbon in the macro‐aggregates”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice variety IR83376-B-B-24-2 and wheat variety HD2733 were identified as having higher bioavailability of P/Zn and P/Fe molar ratios.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Material
- IR83376‐B‐B‐24‐2e2
- Outcome
- bioavailabilitye2
- Direction
- highere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Based on molar ratio of P/Zn and P/Fe, we identified varieties of rice (IR83376‐B‐B‐24‐2) and wheat (HD2733) with higher bioavailability”
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