Abstract
Soilless agriculture is acknowledged worldwide because it uses organic leftovers as a means of supporting intensive and efficient plant production. However, the quality of potting media deteriorates because of lower nutrient content and excessive shrinkage of most organic materials. A current study was undertaken to identify the optimal blend of locally available organic materials with desirable qualities for use as potting media. Therefore, different ingredients, viz., Pinus roxburghii needles, sugarcane bagasse, and farmyard manure were used alone or in combination as potting media to test their suitability by growing spinach as a test crop. Results showed that an increase in Pinus roxburghii needles and sugarcane bagasse decreased medium pH and electrical conductivity. Higher pH and electrical conductivity were recorded for the treatments having a higher farmyard manure ratio (≥50%) in combination. Except for pine needles 100%, pH and electrical conductivity were in the recommended range. The growth attributes include, leaves plant-1, shoot length, fresh- and dry shoot weight along with plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) content were higher in treatment pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50% followed by pine needles 25%+farmyard manure 50%+sugarcane bagasse 25%. Moreover, the particular treatment of pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50% exhibited the highest concentrations of macro- (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) as well as micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) in the potting media following the harvest. This study highlights the potential of utilizing agro-industrial litter/waste as a soilless growing medium for spinach production under greenhouse conditions. When employed in appropriate proportions, this approach not only addresses disposal concerns but also proves effective for sustainable cultivation. Further research is needed to investigate the use of these wastes as potting media by mixing various particle-size ingredients.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Pinus roxburghii needles and sugarcane bagasse decreased medium pH and electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- increase in Pinus roxburghii needles and sugarcane bagassee1
- Outcome
- medium pH and electrical conductivitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e1“an increase in Pinus roxburghii needles and sugarcane bagasse decreased medium pH and electrical conductivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher farmyard manure ratio (50% or more) in combination gave higher pH and electrical conductivity of the medium.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- higher farmyard manure ratio (≥50%) in combinatione2
- Outcome
- pH and electrical conductivitye2
- Direction
- Highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e2“Higher pH and electrical conductivity were recorded for the treatments having a higher farmyard manure ratio (≥50%) in combination”
Claim · model-written summary
Except for pine needles 100%, pH and electrical conductivity were in the recommended range.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- pH and electrical conductivitye3
- Qualifier
- Except for pine needles 100%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e3“Except for pine needles 100%, pH and electrical conductivity were in the recommended range”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave higher leaves per plant and shoot length in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e4
- Outcome
- leaves plant-1, shoot lengthe4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e4“The growth attributes include, leaves plant-1, shoot length, fresh- and dry shoot weight along with plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) content were higher in treatment pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave higher fresh and dry shoot weight in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e4
- Outcome
- fresh- and dry shoot weighte4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e4“The growth attributes include, leaves plant-1, shoot length, fresh- and dry shoot weight along with plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) content were higher in treatment pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave higher plant macronutrient content in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e4
- Outcome
- plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium)e4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e4“The growth attributes include, leaves plant-1, shoot length, fresh- and dry shoot weight along with plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) content were higher in treatment pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave higher plant micronutrient content in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e4
- Outcome
- micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) contente4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e4“The growth attributes include, leaves plant-1, shoot length, fresh- and dry shoot weight along with plant macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) content were higher in treatment pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave the highest macronutrient concentrations in the potting media after harvest.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e5
- Outcome
- macro- (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium)e5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- following the harveste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e5“the particular treatment of pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50% exhibited the highest concentrations of macro- (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) as well as micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) in the potting media following the harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine needles 50% with farmyard manure 50% gave the highest micronutrient concentrations in the potting media after harvest.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50%e5
- Outcome
- micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc)e5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Qualifier
- following the harveste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e5“the particular treatment of pine needles 50%+farmyard manure 50% exhibited the highest concentrations of macro- (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) as well as micronutrients (iron, copper, manganese, and zinc) in the potting media following the harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Agro-industrial litter and waste can be used as a soilless growing medium for spinach production in a greenhouse.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae6
- Treatment
- agro-industrial litter/wastee6
- Outcome
- soilless growing medium for spinach productione6
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growing spinach as a test crop”
e6“This study highlights the potential of utilizing agro-industrial litter/waste as a soilless growing medium for spinach production under greenhouse conditions”
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See all 79 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.