Abstract
Abstract The use of biological systems and nano-micronutrients are gaining increased attention since they are more ecofriendly on plant growth under water stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of yield, physiological, and chemical characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to water deficit, biofertilizers and iron Nano-oxide in the field condition. Treatments were included biofertilizers [application of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), PGPR + AM-fungi and not application as control]; nutrition with nano-iron oxide (control, application of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g/L) and irrigation levels [normal irrigation, moderate and severe water limitation]. The results showed that water limitation caused a decrease in SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), Fv/Fm, relative water content, and grain yield of barley, whereas electrical conductivity, proline, soluble sugars, and enzyme activities increased. Combined interactions between 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide with AM-fungi + PGPR ameliorated adverse effects by enhancing RWC and proline, which might result from of lower electrical conductivity. The highest proline was detected in plants exposed to the highest nano-Fe oxide and mycorrhiza + Azospirillum application, at all irrigation levels. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities increased by 44.7, 105.3, and 107.5% in plants treated with mycorrhiza and PGPR under severe water limitation. Iron deficiency induced several changes in catalase and peroxidase enzymes and reduced their activities under water deficit. In severe water-stressed plants, the application of AM-fungi and PGPR caused an increase in grain yield by 10.35%. Spraying of 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide and application of mycorrhiza + Azospirillum could be suitable for barley growth and production in semi-arid areas.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Water limitation lowered SPAD, Fv/Fm, relative water content and grain yield.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- water limitatione0
- Outcome
- SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), Fv/Fm, relative water content, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“water limitation caused a decrease in SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development), Fv/Fm, relative water content, and grain yield of barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Water limitation increased electrical conductivity, proline, soluble sugars and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Water Deficitt0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivity, proline, soluble sugars, and enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas electrical conductivity, proline, soluble sugars, and enzyme activities increased”
t0“Water Deficit in Yield and Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined nano-iron and AM fungi plus PGPR increased relative water content and proline.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide with AM-fungi + PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AM-fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- RWC and prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined interactions between 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide with AM-fungi + PGPR ameliorated adverse effects by enhancing RWC and proline”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest proline occurred with maximum nano-iron and mycorrhiza plus Azospirillum at every irrigation level.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- highest nano-Fe oxide and mycorrhiza + Azospirillum applicatione0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Azospirillum
Azospirillume0symbiont - Outcome
- highest prolinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest proline was detected in plants exposed to the highest nano-Fe oxide and mycorrhiza + Azospirillum application, at all irrigation levels”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and PGPR increased catalase activity by 44.7% under severe water limitation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mycorrhiza and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities increased by 44.7, 105.3, and 107.5% in plants treated with mycorrhiza and PGPR under severe water limitation”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and PGPR increased peroxidase activity by 105.3% under severe water limitation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mycorrhiza and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 105.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities increased by 44.7, 105.3, and 107.5% in plants treated with mycorrhiza and PGPR under severe water limitation”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza and PGPR increased polyphenol oxidase activity by 107.5% under severe water limitation.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mycorrhiza and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 107.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities increased by 44.7, 105.3, and 107.5% in plants treated with mycorrhiza and PGPR under severe water limitation”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron deficiency reduced catalase and peroxidase activity under water deficit.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Iron deficiencye0
- Outcome
- catalase and peroxidase enzymese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iron deficiency induced several changes in catalase and peroxidase enzymes and reduced their activities under water deficit”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungi and PGPR increased grain yield 10.35% under severe water stress.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- application of AM-fungi and PGPRe0
- Interactor
- AM-fungiGlomeromycotae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In severe water-stressed plants, the application of AM-fungi and PGPR caused an increase in grain yield by 10.35%”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend nano-iron spraying with mycorrhiza and Azospirillum for barley production in semi-arid areas.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Spraying of 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide and application of mycorrhiza + Azospirillume0
- Outcome
- barley growth and productione0
- Setting
- semi-arid arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying of 0.9 g/L nano-Fe oxide and application of mycorrhiza + Azospirillum could be suitable for barley growth and production in semi-arid areas”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.