Abstract
Introduction Mycorrhiza fungus is of special importance in organic agriculture and in relation to the coexistence of all root characteristics of the host plant is affected and also improves the water relationship in the host plant. With application of mycorrhizal fungus, the plant absorbs soil water better and as a result, by increasing the relative moisture content of the leaves, the stomata are open for a longer time and carbon dioxide processing is done optimally, resulting in more photosynthesis, which ultimately leads to increased yield. The aim of this research in rainfed agriculture is to reduce the stresses on rainfed wheat. In rainfed wheat cultivation, the plant gets its water requirement from rainfall. In most cases, the plant water needs are not met in this way. Due to the reduction of grain yield of rain-fed barley cultivars, new achievements can be reached by investigating the role of plant growth-promoting bacteria on physiological and biochemical traits under rain-fed conditions. Considering that no research has been reported on the role of plant growth promoting bacteria on rainfed barley in the country and especially in Ilam province. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and physiological traits of rain-fed barley cultivars. Materials andMethods In order to investigate the effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on some physiologic and biochemicaltraits of barley cultivars in rainfed conditions, a factorial field experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental treatments including factor of barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahour, Khoram and Fardan) and fertilizer sources treatment including: control (without fertilizer source), 50% P fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis), mycorrhizal fungi + 50% P chemical fertilizer and 100% P chemical fertilizer. Results andDiscussion The results of this experiment showed that the interaction between cultivar×fertilizer sources had a significant effect on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological properties. Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments. Conclusions The results of this study showed that in the dryland conditions of the region, physiological traits (leaf chlorophyll content) were significantly reduced in all studied barley cultivars. In this study, the maximum activity of hydrogen peroxide and malondealdeyede in the Mahali cultivar×control treatment was observed, but when inoculation was used with mycorrhizal fungus, observed an increase in physiological characteristics. Fardan cultivar×Mycorrhiza+50% P fertilizer with maximum activity of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide desmutase, catalase and peroxidase) which resulted in increased growth and yield. According to the results of this study, among the rainfed barley cultivars used, Fardan cultivar with mycorrhizal fungi +50% P fertilizer can be recommended in rainfed agriculture of the region. Acknowledgements This research was derived from a research project that was carried out at Sarablah Agricultural Research Station. Thanks to all the colleagues who accompanied and helped the authors during the implementation of this study.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar and fertilizer source significantly interacted for antioxidant and physiological traits.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- cultivare0
- Treatment
- fertilizer sourcese0
- Outcome
- activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological propertiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The results of this experiment showed that the interaction between cultivar×fertilizer sources had a significant effect on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological properties.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased ascorbate peroxidase activity of 14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased glutathione peroxidase activity of 3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- gluthathion peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased catalase activity of 12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased peroxidase activity of 14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased superoxide dismutase activity of 25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- super oxid dismutase0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased chlorophyll a of 3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weighte0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer had increased chlorophyll b of 3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weighte0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer reduced malondialdehyde to 20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- malonde aldeyedee0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leafe0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer reduced hydrogen peroxide to 0.26 mmol.g-1 FW.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- hydrogen Peroxidee0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 0.26 mmol.g-1 FWe0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar× mycorrhizal fungi +50% P chemical fertilizer increases the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (14.3 µmolmin-1 mg protein-1), gluthathion peroxidase (3.5 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), catalase (12.1 µmolmin-1 .mg protein-1), peroxidase (14.8 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), super oxid dismutas (25.4 µmol.min-1 .mg protein-1), chlorophyll a (3.5 mg.g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (3.3 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and reduces malonde aldeyede (20.4 nmol.g fresh weigh leaf) and hydrogen Peroxide (0.26 mmol.g-1 FW) and Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mahali without fertilizer had the lowest antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Mahalie0
- Treatment
- control treatment (without fertilizer sources)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mahali cultivar× control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and photosynthetic pigments.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Dryland conditions significantly reduced leaf chlorophyll across all barley cultivars.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- dryland conditionse0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the dryland conditions of the region, physiological traits (leaf chlorophyll content) were significantly reduced in all studied barley cultivars.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mahali without fertilizer had the maximum hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde activities.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Mahalie0
- Treatment
- control treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide and malondealdeyedee0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum activity of hydrogen peroxide and malondealdeyede in the Mahali cultivar×control treatment was observed”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation increased physiological characteristics.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- inoculation was used with mycorrhizal funguse0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when inoculation was used with mycorrhizal fungus, observed an increase in physiological characteristics.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fardan with mycorrhiza and 50% P fertilizer increased growth and yield.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza+50% P fertilizere0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar×Mycorrhiza+50% P fertilizer with maximum activity of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide desmutase, catalase and peroxidase) which resulted in increased growth and yield.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Fardan with mycorrhizal fungi and 50% P fertilizer for regional rainfed agriculture.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Fardane0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal fungi +50% P fertilizere0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- rainfed agriculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fardan cultivar with mycorrhizal fungi +50% P fertilizer can be recommended in rainfed agriculture of the region.”
t0“Barley”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.