Abstract
Introduction The ongoing global expansion of salt-affected land is a significant factor, limiting the growth and yield of crops, particularly rice ( Oryza sativa L). This experiment explores the mitigation of salt-induced damage in rice (cv BRRI dhan100) following the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Methods Rice seedlings, at five- and six-weeks post-transplanting, were subjected to salt stress treatments using 50 and 100 mM NaCl at seven-day intervals. Bacterial cultures consisting of endophytic PGPR ( Bacillus subtilis and B. aryabhattai ) and an epiphytic PGPR ( B. aryabhattai ) were administered at three critical stages: transplantation of 42-day-old seedlings, vegetative stage at five weeks post-transplantation, and panicle initiation stage at seven weeks post-transplantation. Results Salt stress induced osmotic stress, ionic imbalances, and oxidative damage in rice plants, with consequent negative effects on growth, decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, and changes in hormonal regulation, along with increased methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity. PGPR treatment alleviated salinity effects by improving plant antioxidant defenses, restoring ionic equilibrium, enhancing water balance, increasing nutrient uptake, improving photosynthetic attributes, bolstering hormone synthesis, and enhancing MG detoxification. Discussion These findings highlight the potential of PGPR to bolster physiological and biochemical functionality in rice by serving as an effective buffer against salt stress–induced damage. B. subtilis showed the greatest benefits, while both the endophytic and epiphytic B. aryabhattai had commendable effects in mitigating salt stress–induced damage in rice plants.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress caused osmotic stress, ionic imbalance and oxidative damage in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- osmotic stress, ionic imbalances, and oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress induced osmotic stress, ionic imbalances, and oxidative damage in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced rice growth and photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst0
- Outcome
- growth, decrease in photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative effects on growth, decrease in photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“salt stress in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress changed hormonal regulation and increased methylglyoxal toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresst0
- Outcome
- hormonal regulation, along with increased methylglyoxal (MG) toxicitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changes in hormonal regulation, along with increased methylglyoxal (MG) toxicity”
t0“salt stress in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR improved antioxidant defenses, ionic equilibrium and water balance under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PGPR treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant antioxidant defenses, restoring ionic equilibrium, enhancing water balancee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR treatment alleviated salinity effects by improving plant antioxidant defenses, restoring ionic equilibrium, enhancing water balance”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR increased nutrient uptake, photosynthetic attributes and hormone synthesis under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PGPR treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake, improving photosynthetic attributes, bolstering hormone synthesise0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR treatment alleviated salinity effects by improving plant antioxidant defenses, restoring ionic equilibrium, enhancing water balance, increasing nutrient uptake, improving photosynthetic attributes, bolstering hormone synthesis”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR enhanced methylglyoxal detoxification under salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PGPR treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Outcome
- MG detoxificatione0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPR treatment alleviated salinity effects by improving plant antioxidant defenses, restoring ionic equilibrium, enhancing water balance, increasing nutrient uptake, improving photosynthetic attributes, bolstering hormone synthesis, and enhancing MG detoxification”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis gave the greatest benefits for salt stress mitigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- greatest benefitse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis showed the greatest benefits”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophytic B. aryabhattai mitigated salt stress damage in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- B. aryabhattaiPriestia aryabhattaie0symbiont
- Outcome
- mitigating salt stress–induced damagee0
- Qualifier
- endophytice0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the endophytic and epiphytic B. aryabhattai had commendable effects in mitigating salt stress–induced damage in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Epiphytic B. aryabhattai mitigated salt stress damage in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- B. aryabhattaiPriestia aryabhattaie0symbiont
- Outcome
- mitigating salt stress–induced damagee0
- Qualifier
- epiphytice0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the endophytic and epiphytic B. aryabhattai had commendable effects in mitigating salt stress–induced damage in rice plants”
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