Abstract
In acidic paddy fields of South China, rice (Oryza sativa L.) faces the dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) toxicity and silicon (Si) deficiency. Although previous studies have highlighted the functions of Si application timing and strategies in mitigating Cd-stressed rice, the precise mechanisms underlying the health restoration of Cd-toxic rice and the assurance of grain safety remain elusive. This study explored Cd translocation and detoxification in the shoots of rice regulated by various Si fertilization regimes: Si(T) (all Si added before transplanting), Si(J) (all Si added at jointing), and Si(TJ) (half Si added both before transplanting and at jointing). The findings revealed that the regime of Si(TJ) was more beneficial to rice health and grain safety than Si(T) and Si(J). The osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were significantly boosted by Si(TJ) compared to other Si treatments, and which enhanced membrane integrity, balanced intracellular pH, and increased Cd tolerance of rice. Furthermore, Si(TJ) was more effective than Si(T) and Si(J) on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall, Cd bio-passivation, and the down-regulated expression of the Cd transport genes. The concentrations of Cd in the xylem and phloem treated with Si(TJ) were reduced significantly. Additionally, Si(TJ) facilitated much more Cd bound with the outer layer proteins of grains, and promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids. Overall, Si (TJ) outperformed Si(T) and Si(J) in harmonizing the phycological processes, inhibiting Cd translocation, and enhancing Cd detoxification in rice plant. Thereby the split Si application strategy offers potential for reducing Cd toxicity in rice grain.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) was judged better for rice health and grain safety than Si(T) and Si(J).
- Treatment
- Si(TJ)e0
- Outcome
- rice health and grain safetye0
- Direction
- more beneficiale0
- Comparator
- Si(T) and Si(J)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the regime of Si(TJ) was more beneficial to rice health and grain safety than Si(T) and Si(J).”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) significantly boosted proline, soluble sugars and soluble proteins.
- Treatment
- Si(TJ)e0
- Outcome
- proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- boostede0
- Comparator
- other Si treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The osmotic regulators such as proline, soluble sugars, and soluble proteins were significantly boosted by Si(TJ) compared to other Si treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Boosted osmotic regulators enhanced membrane integrity, intracellular pH balance and Cd tolerance.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- membrane integrity, balanced intracellular pH, and increased Cd tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced membrane integrity, balanced intracellular pH, and increased Cd tolerance of rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) improved Cd sequestration in cell walls relative to other regimes.
- Treatment
- Si(TJ)e0
- Outcome
- Cd sequestration in the cell walle0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- Si(T) and Si(J)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Si(TJ) was more effective than Si(T) and Si(J) on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) improved Cd bio-passivation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Si(TJ) was more effective than Si(T) and Si(J) on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall, Cd bio-passivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) down-regulated Cd transport gene expression.
- Treatment
- Si(TJ)e0
- Outcome
- expression of the Cd transport genese0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
- Comparator
- Si(T) and Si(J)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Si(TJ) was more effective than Si(T) and Si(J) on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall, Cd bio-passivation, and the down-regulated expression of the Cd transport genes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) significantly reduced Cd in xylem and phloem.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of Cd in the xylem and phloem treated with Si(TJ) were reduced significantly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) increased Cd binding to grain outer-layer proteins.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Si(TJ) facilitated much more Cd bound with the outer layer proteins of grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Si(TJ) promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid, phenolics and flavonoids.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid, phenolics, and flavonoids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose split silicon application to reduce grain Cd toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- split Si application strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the split Si application strategy offers potential for reducing Cd toxicity in rice grain.”
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