Abstract
Modern intensive cropping systems often contribute to the accumulation of phenolic acids in the soil, which promotes the development of soilborne diseases. This can be suppressed by intercropping. This study analyzed the effects of intercropping on Fusarium wilt based on its effect on photosynthesis under stress by the combination of Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid. The control was not inoculated with F. commune, while the faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) were inoculated with this pathogen in the other treatments. The infected plants were also treated with cinnamic acid. This study examined the development of Fusarium wilt together with its effects on the leaves, absorption of nutrients, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters, and the photosynthetic assimilates of faba bean from monocropping and intercropping systems. Under monocropping conditions, the leaves of the plants inoculated with F. commune grew significantly less, and there was enhanced occurrence of the Fusarium wilt compared with the control. Compared with the plants solely inoculated with F. commune, the exogenous addition of cinnamic acid to the infected plants significantly further reduced the growth of faba bean leaves and increased the occurrence of Fusarium wilt. A comparison of the combination of F. commune and cinnamic acid in intercropped wheat and faba bean compared with monocropping showed that intercropping improved the absorption of nutrients, increased photosynthetic pigments and its contents, electron transport, photosynthetic enzymes, and photosynthetic assimilates. The combination of these factors reduced the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in faba bean and increased the growth of its leaves. These results showed that intercropping improved the photosynthesis, which promoted the growth of faba bean, thus, reducing the development of Fusarium wilt following the stress of infection by F. commune and cinnamic acid. This research should provide more information to enhance sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium inoculation reduced faba bean leaf growth relative to the control.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- inoculated with F. communee0
- Interactor
- F. communeFusarium communee0pathogen
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- grew significantly lesse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under monocropping conditions, the leaves of the plants inoculated with F. commune grew significantly less, and there was enhanced occurrence of the Fusarium wilt compared with the control”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium inoculation increased faba bean wilt relative to the control.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Fusarium wilte0
- Outcome
- occurrence of the Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was enhanced occurrence of the Fusarium wilt compared with the control”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid further reduced leaf growth in infected plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- exogenous addition of cinnamic acide0
- Interactor
- Fusarium communeFusarium communet0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of faba bean leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous addition of cinnamic acid to the infected plants significantly further reduced the growth of faba bean leaves”
t0“Fusarium commune”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid increased wilt in infected plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- cinnamic acidt0
- Outcome
- occurrence of Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the occurrence of Fusarium wilt”
t0“faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping improved nutrient absorption in stressed faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- absorption of nutrientse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping improved the absorption of nutrients”
t0“Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
e1“Under monocropping conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased photosynthetic pigments, electron transport and photosynthetic enzymes.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments and its contents, electron transport, photosynthetic enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased photosynthetic pigments and its contents, electron transport, photosynthetic enzymes”
t0“Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
e1“Under monocropping conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased photosynthetic assimilates.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic assimilatese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased photosynthetic pigments and its contents, electron transport, photosynthetic enzymes, and photosynthetic assimilates”
t0“Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
e1“Under monocropping conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping reduced Fusarium wilt in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- occurrence of Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in faba bean”
t0“Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
e1“Under monocropping conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased faba bean leaf growth.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Intercroppingt0
- Outcome
- growth of its leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the growth of its leaves”
t0“Intercropping improves faba bean photosynthesis and reduces disease caused by Fusarium commune and cinnamic acid-induced stress”
e1“Under monocropping conditions”
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.