Abstract
Plants play a crucial role in soil fixation and enhancement of slope stability, and saline–alkaline stress is one of the main restrictions inhibiting plant growth and development. At present, there is a lack of research on the effects of saline–alkaline composite stress on the mechanical properties of the root system and the erosion resistance of the root–soil complex. In this study, three gradients of saline–alkaline composite stress treatments and a control of saline-free treatment was set up for Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens. The plant salt damage rate, osmotic index, antioxidant enzyme activity and plant root morphological indicators were measured. The biomechanical characteristics were determined by stretching tests, the resistance of the plant was measured by a whole-plant vertical uprooting test, and the anti-erosion capacity of the root soil composite was measured by scrubbing test. The results showed that, at 200 mM, the salt damage index and salt damage rate of the four plants, in descending order, were as follows: E. sphaerocephalus < L. fulgens < O. biennis < P. frutescens. Among them, SOD of Perilla frutescens did not play an obvious protective role, and the substantial changes in CAT and POD, as well as the content of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline, showed its sensitivity to saline and alkaline stresses. Root growth was also significantly suppressed in all four plants, the 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solution significantly reduced the average tensile strength of O. biennis and P. frutescens, while the saline–alkali solution of 200 mM significantly reduced the elongation of E. sphaerocephalus and L. fulgens, and significantly elevated the soil detachment rate of the root–soil composite for E. sphaerocephalus. Additionally, all three concentrations of saline treatments significantly reduced the pullout resistance of all 4 plants. There was a negative power rate relationship between tensile resistance and root diameter in four plant species, while the relationship between tensile strength and root diameter showed a negative power law only for L. fulgens treated with 0–50 mM saline solution. There was no significant correlation between elongation and root diameter in the four plants. P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength, as well as the lowest rate of elongation, while L. fulgens possessed the greatest pullout resistance, and both had comparable resistance to erosion of the root–soil complex. Therefore, compared to the other three plants, L. fulgens is more suitable for soil reinforcement applications on saline slopes.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM, salt damage ranked E. sphaerocephalus lowest, then L. fulgens, O. biennis and P. frutescens.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens
_-_flowers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5527360.jpg?width=60)
Oenothera biennis
Perilla frutescens
Echinops sphaerocephalus
Silene banksiae1 - Treatment
- 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- salt damage index and salt damage ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_flowers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5527360.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“at 200 mM, the salt damage index and salt damage rate of the four plants, in descending order, were as follows: E. sphaerocephalus < L. fulgens < O. biennis < P. frutescens.”
e1“Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD did not show an obvious protective role in P. frutescens.
- Taxon
- Perilla frutescensPerilla frutescense0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- protective rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD of Perilla frutescens did not play an obvious protective role”
Claim · model-written summary
Changes in CAT and POD and soluble sugars, proteins and proline indicated P. frutescens sensitivity to saline and alkaline stress.
- Taxon
- Perilla frutescensPerilla frutescense1
- Gene
- CAT and PODe0
- Outcome
- sensitivity to saline and alkaline stressese0
- Qualifier
- content of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and prolinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantial changes in CAT and POD, as well as the content of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline, showed its sensitivity to saline and alkaline stresses.”
e1“SOD of Perilla frutescens”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth was significantly suppressed in all four plants.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgensOenothera biennisPerilla frutescensEchinops sphaerocephalusSilene banksiae1
- Treatment
- saline–alkaline composite stress treatmentse2
- Outcome
- Root growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root growth was also significantly suppressed in all four plants”
e1“Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens”
e2“three gradients of saline–alkaline composite stress treatments and a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline solution at 100 and 200 mM significantly reduced average tensile strength of O. biennis.
- Taxon
- O. biennisOenothera biennise0
- Treatment
- 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solutione0
- Outcome
- average tensile strengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solution significantly reduced the average tensile strength of O. biennis and P. frutescens”
e1“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline solution at 100 and 200 mM significantly reduced average tensile strength of P. frutescens.
- Taxon
- P. frutescensPerilla frutescense0
- Treatment
- 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solutione0
- Outcome
- average tensile strengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 100- and 200-mM concentrations of saline solution significantly reduced the average tensile strength of O. biennis and P. frutescens”
e1“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM, saline–alkali solution significantly reduced elongation of E. sphaerocephalus.
- Taxon
- E. sphaerocephalusEchinops sphaerocephaluse0
- Treatment
- saline–alkali solution of 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the saline–alkali solution of 200 mM significantly reduced the elongation of E. sphaerocephalus and L. fulgens”
e1“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM, saline–alkali solution significantly reduced elongation of L. fulgens.
- Taxon
- L. fulgensSilene banksiae0
- Treatment
- saline–alkali solution of 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the saline–alkali solution of 200 mM significantly reduced the elongation of E. sphaerocephalus and L. fulgens”
e1“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 mM, saline–alkali solution increased soil detachment of the E. sphaerocephalus root–soil composite.
- Taxon
- E. sphaerocephalusEchinops sphaerocephaluse0
- Treatment
- saline–alkali solution of 200 mMe0
- Outcome
- soil detachment rate of the root–soil compositee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the saline–alkali solution of 200 mM significantly reduced the elongation of E. sphaerocephalus and L. fulgens, and significantly elevated the soil detachment rate of the root–soil composite for E. sphaerocephalus”
e1“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
All three saline concentrations reduced pullout resistance in all four plants.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgensOenothera biennisPerilla frutescensEchinops sphaerocephalusSilene banksiae1
- Treatment
- all three concentrations of saline treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pullout resistancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- saline-free treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all three concentrations of saline treatments significantly reduced the pullout resistance of all 4 plants”
e1“Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens”
e2“a control of saline-free treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Tensile resistance had a negative power relation to root diameter in all four species.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgensOenothera biennisPerilla frutescensEchinops sphaerocephalusSilene banksiae1
- Organ / stage
- root diametere0
- Outcome
- tensile resistancee0
- Direction
- negative power rate relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a negative power rate relationship between tensile resistance and root diameter in four plant species”
e1“Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens”
Claim · model-written summary
Tensile strength had a negative power relation to root diameter only for L. fulgens at 0–50 mM saline solution.
- Taxon
- L. fulgensSilene banksiae0
- Organ / stage
- root diametere0
- Treatment
- 0–50 mM saline solutione0
- Outcome
- tensile strengthe0
- Direction
- negative power lawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the relationship between tensile strength and root diameter showed a negative power law only for L. fulgens treated with 0–50 mM saline solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Elongation and root diameter had no significant correlation across the four plants.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgensOenothera biennisPerilla frutescensEchinops sphaerocephalusSilene banksiae1
- Organ / stage
- root diametere0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Direction
- no significant correlatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant correlation between elongation and root diameter in the four plants.”
e1“Oenothera biennis, Perilla frutescens, Echinops sphaerocephalus, and Lychnis fulgens”
Claim · model-written summary
P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength.
- Taxon
- P. frutescensPerilla frutescense0
- Outcome
- tensile resistance and strengthe0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength”
Claim · model-written summary
P. frutescens had the lowest elongation rate.
- Taxon
- P. frutescensPerilla frutescense0
- Outcome
- rate of elongatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength, as well as the lowest rate of elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
L. fulgens had the greatest pullout resistance.
- Taxon
- L. fulgensSilene banksiae0
- Outcome
- pullout resistancee0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L. fulgens possessed the greatest pullout resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
P. frutescens and L. fulgens had comparable root–soil erosion resistance.
- Taxon
- P. frutescensPerilla frutescense0
- Outcome
- resistance to erosion of the root–soil complexe0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- L. fulgense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. frutescens had the greatest tensile resistance and strength, as well as the lowest rate of elongation, while L. fulgens possessed the greatest pullout resistance, and both had comparable resistance to erosion of the root–soil complex.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged L. fulgens more suitable than the other plants for soil reinforcement on saline slopes.
- Taxon
- L. fulgensSilene banksiae0
- Outcome
- soil reinforcement applications on saline slopese0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared to the other three plants, L. fulgens is more suitable for soil reinforcement applications on saline slopes”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · disease · Oenothera biennis (German evening primrose)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
salinity · growth · Oenothera biennis (German evening primrose)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.