Abstract
Soil salinity poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, impacting the growth and yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants. This study investigates the potential of melatonin (MT; 100 µM) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S; 200 µM sodium hydrosulfide, NaHS) to confer the tolerance of wheat plants to 100 mM NaCl. Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield. Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress. Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress. The use of DL-propargylglycine (PAG, an inhibitor of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis) and p -chlorophenyl alanine ( p -CPA, an inhibitor of melatonin biosynthesis) to plants under salt stress showed the comparative necessity of MT and H 2 S in mitigation of salinity stress. In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p -CPA, emphasizing that MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H 2 S.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased reactive oxygen species.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e1“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e2“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress damaged chloroplast structure, growth and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e1“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e2“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress damaged yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e1“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
e2“Salinity stress induced the outburst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in damage to the chloroplast structure, growth, photosynthesis, and yield.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS increased antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased reduced glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS increased reduced glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated sodium transport genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NaHS upregulated sodium transport genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e1“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
e2“Application of either MT or NaHS augmented the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, upregulated the expression of Na + transport genes ( SOS1, SOS2, SOS3, NHX1 ), resulting in mitigation of salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments improved stomatal behavior, gas exchange and chloroplast maintenance under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e1“Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e2“Thus, improved stomatal behavior, gas-exchange parameters, and maintenance of chloroplast structure resulted in enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
e3“Application of either MT or NaHS”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments enhanced Calvin-cycle enzyme activity under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e1“enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e2“enhanced activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes and overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
e3“Application of either MT or NaHS”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments improved growth, photosynthesis and yield under salt stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e1“overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
e2“overall enhancement of growth, photosynthetic, and yield performance of plants under salinity stress.”
t0“wheat”
e3“Application of either MT or NaHS”
Claim · model-written summary
PAG caused stronger detrimental effects than p-CPA under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p -CPA”
e1“In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p -CPA”
e2“In the presence of PAG, more pronounced detrimental effects were observed than in the presence of p -CPA”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed that melatonin partly mitigates salt stress through hydrogen sulfide.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0e1e2t0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H 2 S.”
e1“MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H 2 S.”
e2“MT was involved in mitigating salinity through various potential pathways, one of which was through H 2 S.”
t0“wheat”
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