Abstract
In order to study the effects of biofertilizers and cycocel on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition in 2015. Treatments were included salinity in four levels [no salt (control or S0), salinity 30 (S1), 60 (S2) and 90 (S3) mM NaCl equivalent of 2.76, 5.53 and 8.3 dS m−1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [no biofertilizer (F0), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chrocoocum strain 5 (F1), Pseudomonas putida strain 186 (F2), both inoculation Azotobacter + Pseudomonas (F3)] and three cycocel levels [without cycocel as control (C0), application of 600 (C1) and 1000 (C2) mg L−1]. Results showed that salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat. Whereas, soluble sugars and proline content, electrical conductivity (EC), the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were increased. Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel. Salinity at 30 mM increased the photochemical efficiency of PSII and chlorophyll content in plants grown under biofertilizer and cycocel treatment but with increasing salinity up to 90 mM mentioned parameters were decreased. The highest proline and soluble carbohydrate at all salinity levels were observed in plants treated in the highest cycocel level and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas application. Generally, it was concluded that biofertilizers and cycocel can be used as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Severe salinity decreased wheat chlorophyll content, relative water content, PSII efficiency, and yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- salinity severe stress (90 mM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe salinity increased soluble sugars, proline, and electrical conductivity in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinity severe stress (90 mM)e1
- Outcome
- soluble sugars and proline content, electrical conductivity (EC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble sugars and proline content, electrical conductivity (EC), the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were increased”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe salinity increased catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinity severe stress (90 mM)e1
- Outcome
- the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were increased”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer inoculation increased CAT, POD, and PPO activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation by biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- CAT, POD and PPO activitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel increased CAT, POD, and PPO activities in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cycocele0
- Outcome
- CAT, POD and PPO activitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 mM salinity, treated wheat had increased PSII efficiency and chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity at 30 mMe0
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiency of PSII and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- biofertilizer and cycocel treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity at 30 mM increased the photochemical efficiency of PSII and chlorophyll content in plants grown under biofertilizer and cycocel treatment”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity to 90 mM decreased PSII efficiency and chlorophyll content in treated wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity up to 90 mMe0
- Outcome
- mentioned parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with increasing salinity up to 90 mM mentioned parameters were decreased”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest proline and soluble carbohydrate levels across salinity treatments occurred with the highest cycocel level and combined bacterial inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- highest cycocel level and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas applicatione0
- Outcome
- proline and soluble carbohydratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest proline and soluble carbohydrate at all salinity levels were observed in plants treated in the highest cycocel level and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas application.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that biofertilizers and cycocel can increase wheat yield under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biofertilizers and cycocele0
- Outcome
- increasing wheat yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizers and cycocel can be used as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)”
e1“salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat”
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