Abstract
This factorial study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a greenhouse during spring 2015 to investigate changes in dry matter mobilization, grain filling period, and some physiological characteristics of wheat. Treatments were four salt levels [0 (S1), 30 (S2), 60 (S3), and 90 (S4) mM sodium chloride (NaCl) equivalent to 2.76, 5.53, and 8.3 dS m−1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [(no biofertilizer (F0), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck strain 5 (F1), Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) Migula strain 186 (F2), both inoculation Azotobacter + Pseudomonas (F3)], and three cycocel levels [(without cycocel as control (C0), application of 600 (C1), and 1000 (C2) mg L−1)]. Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance. However, the application of cycocel and biofertilizer reduced the negative impacts at each level of salinity tested. When treated with cycocel, salt stressed plants demonstrated a significant decrease in stomata conductance compared to the salt-treated plants with no cycocel. The results revealed that the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67 g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel application. The application of Azotobacter + Pseudomonas had the greatest grain filling rate (0.002 g day−1) without salinity stress. The greatest grain filling period (43.26 days) was achieved by the highest cycocel level without salinity stress. The application of biofertilizer and cycocel as F3C2 had 24.7% more grain yield in comparison to the controls.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased quantum yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- quantum yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress decreased stomata conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- stomata conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“Salinity stress increased leaf electrical conductivity and decreased chlorophyll index, quantum yield, relative water content, and stomata conductance.”
Claim · model-written summary
cycocel reduced adverse impacts at each salinity level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cycocele1
- Outcome
- negative impactse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“the application of cycocel and biofertilizer reduced the negative impacts at each level of salinity tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
biofertilizer reduced adverse impacts at each salinity level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizere1
- Outcome
- negative impactse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“the application of cycocel and biofertilizer reduced the negative impacts at each level of salinity tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycocel significantly decreased stomata conductance in salt stressed plants versus no cycocel.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cycocele2
- Outcome
- stomata conductancee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Comparator
- salt-treated plants with no cycocele2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“When treated with cycocel, salt stressed plants demonstrated a significant decrease in stomata conductance compared to the salt-treated plants with no cycocel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe salinity without cycocel, shoot dry matter mobilization was maximal at 0.89 g.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- shoot and stem dry matter mobilizatione3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 0.89e3
- Qualifier
- salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel applicatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e3“the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67 g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe salinity without cycocel, stem dry matter mobilization was maximal at 0.67 g.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- stem dry matter mobilizatione3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 0.67 ge3
- Qualifier
- salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel applicatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e3“the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67 g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe salinity without cycocel, stem reserves contributed 38.01% to grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- contribution of stem reserves to grain yielde3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 38.01%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e3“the maximum shoot and stem dry matter mobilization (0.89 and 0.67 g, respectively) and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield (38.01%) were observed in salinity severe stress (90 mM) and no cycocel application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Azotobacter plus Pseudomonas produced the greatest grain filling rate without salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azotobacter + Pseudomonase4
- Interactor
- Azotobacter
Azotobactere4symbiont - Second interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase4symbiont - Outcome
- grain filling ratee4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Value
- 0.002 g day−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e4“The application of Azotobacter + Pseudomonas had the greatest grain filling rate (0.002 g day−1) without salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest cycocel level produced the greatest grain filling period without salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- highest cycocel levele5
- Outcome
- grain filling periode5
- Direction
- greateste5
- Value
- 43.26 dayse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e5“The greatest grain filling period (43.26 days) was achieved by the highest cycocel level without salinity stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
F3C2 biofertilizer and cycocel increased grain yield by 24.7% versus controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer and cycocel as F3C2e6
- Outcome
- grain yielde6
- Direction
- moree6
- Value
- 24.7%e6
- Comparator
- controlse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e6“The application of biofertilizer and cycocel as F3C2 had 24.7% more grain yield in comparison to the controls.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.