Abstract
Field-based trials are crucial for successfully achieving the goals of plant breeding programs aiming to screen and improve the salt tolerance of crop genotypes. In this study, simulated saline field growing conditions were designed using the subsurface water retention technique (SWRT) and three saline irrigation levels (control, 60, and 120 mM NaCl) to accurately appraise the suitability of a set of agro-physiological parameters including shoot biomass, grain yield, leaf water relations, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and ion accumulation as screening criteria to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars. Shoot dry weight and grain yield per hectare were substantially reduced by salinity, but the reduction was more pronounced in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93. Increasing salinity stress caused a significant decrease in the net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of both cultivars, although their leaf turgor pressure increased. The accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) was higher in Sakha 61, but the accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) was higher in Sakha 93, which could be the reason for the observed maintenance of the higher leaf turgor of both cultivars in the salt treatments. The maximum quantum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII) decreased with increasing salinity levels in Sakha 61, but they only started to decline at the moderate salinity condition in Sakha 93. The principle component analysis successfully identified the interrelationships between all parameters. The parameters of leaf water relations and toxic ion concentrations were significantly related to each other and could identify Sakha 61 at mild and moderate salinity levels, and, to a lesser extent, Sakha 93 at the moderate salinity level. Both cultivars under the control treatment and Sakha 93 at the mild salinity level were identified by most of the other parameters. The variability in the angle between the vectors of parameters explained which parameters could be used as individual, interchangeable, or supplementary screening criteria for evaluating wheat salt tolerance under simulated field conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity substantially reduced shoot dry weight and grain yield per hectare in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- Shoot dry weight and grain yield per hectaree1
- Direction
- substantially reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e1“Shoot dry weight and grain yield per hectare were substantially reduced by salinity, but the reduction was more pronounced in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93”
Claim · model-written summary
The salinity-induced reduction in wheat was more pronounced in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 61e1
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- reductione1
- Direction
- more pronouncede1
- Comparator
- Sakha 93e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e1“Shoot dry weight and grain yield per hectare were substantially reduced by salinity, but the reduction was more pronounced in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity significantly decreased the net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinity stresse2
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e2“Increasing salinity stress caused a significant decrease in the net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of both cultivars, although their leaf turgor pressure increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity increased leaf turgor pressure in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Increasing salinity stresse2
- Outcome
- leaf turgor pressuree2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e2“Increasing salinity stress caused a significant decrease in the net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance of both cultivars, although their leaf turgor pressure increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxic ion accumulation (Na+ and Cl-) was higher in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 61e3
- Outcome
- accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- Sakha 93e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e3“The accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) was higher in Sakha 61, but the accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) was higher in Sakha 93, which could be the reason for the observed maintenance of the higher leaf turgor of both cultivars in the salt treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential cation accumulation (K+ and Ca2+) was higher in Sakha 93 than in Sakha 61.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 93e3
- Outcome
- accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+)e3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- Sakha 61e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e3“The accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) was higher in Sakha 61, but the accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) was higher in Sakha 93, which could be the reason for the observed maintenance of the higher leaf turgor of both cultivars in the salt treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher essential cation accumulation may explain the maintenance of higher leaf turgor in both wheat cultivars under salt treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- maintenance of the higher leaf turgore3
- Qualifier
- accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e3“The accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) was higher in Sakha 61, but the accumulation of essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) was higher in Sakha 93, which could be the reason for the observed maintenance of the higher leaf turgor of both cultivars in the salt treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity decreased Fv/Fm and ΦPSII in Sakha 61.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 61e4
- Treatment
- increasing salinity levelse4
- Outcome
- maximum quantum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII)e4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e4“The maximum quantum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII) decreased with increasing salinity levels in Sakha 61, but they only started to decline at the moderate salinity condition in Sakha 93”
Claim · model-written summary
Fv/Fm and ΦPSII only started to decline at the moderate salinity condition in Sakha 93.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 93e4
- Treatment
- moderate salinity conditione4
- Outcome
- maximum quantum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII)e4
- Direction
- only started to declinee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e4“The maximum quantum PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the PSII quantum yield (ΦPSII) decreased with increasing salinity levels in Sakha 61, but they only started to decline at the moderate salinity condition in Sakha 93”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis identified the interrelationships between all measured parameters in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- interrelationships between all parameterse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e5“The principle component analysis successfully identified the interrelationships between all parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The leaf water relations and toxic ion parameters could identify Sakha 61 at mild and moderate salinity levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 61e6
- Outcome
- could identify Sakha 61 at mild and moderate salinity levelse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e6“The parameters of leaf water relations and toxic ion concentrations were significantly related to each other and could identify Sakha 61 at mild and moderate salinity levels, and, to a lesser extent, Sakha 93 at the moderate salinity level”
Claim · model-written summary
To a lesser extent, the same parameters could identify Sakha 93 at the moderate salinity level.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 93e6
- Outcome
- Sakha 93 at the moderate salinity levele6
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e6“The parameters of leaf water relations and toxic ion concentrations were significantly related to each other and could identify Sakha 61 at mild and moderate salinity levels, and, to a lesser extent, Sakha 93 at the moderate salinity level”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cultivars under control and Sakha 93 at mild salinity were identified by most of the other parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Sakha 93e7
- Treatment
- mild salinity levele7
- Outcome
- identified by most of the other parameterse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“to establish the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt-sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat cultivars”
e7“Both cultivars under the control treatment and Sakha 93 at the mild salinity level were identified by most of the other parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The parameters could be used as individual, interchangeable or supplementary screening criteria for wheat salt tolerance under simulated field conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Outcome
- individual, interchangeable, or supplementary screening criteriae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The variability in the angle between the vectors of parameters explained which parameters could be used as individual, interchangeable, or supplementary screening criteria for evaluating wheat salt tolerance under simulated field conditions”
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