Abstract
Legume plants form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia, which allow plants to utilize atmospheric nitrogen as a nutrient. This symbiosis is initiated by secretion of specific signaling metabolites from the roots, which induce the expression of nod genes in rhizobia. These metabolites are called nod gene inducers (NGIs), and various flavonoids have been found to act as NGIs. However, NGIs of chickpea, the second major pulse crop, remain elusive. We conducted untargeted metabolome analysis of chickpea root exudates to explore metabolites with increased secretion under nitrogen deficiency. Principal component (PC) analysis showed a clear difference between nitrogen deficiency and control, with PC1 alone accounting for 37.5% of the variance. The intensity of two features with the highest PC1 loading values significantly increased under nitrogen deficiency; two prominent peaks were identified as O -methylated isoflavones, pratensein and biochanin A. RNA-seq analysis showed that they induce nodABC gene expression in the Mesorhizobium ciceri symbiont, suggesting that pratensein and biochanin A are chickpea NGIs. Pratensein applied concurrently with M. ciceri at sowing promoted chickpea nodulation. These results demonstrate that pratensein and biochanin A are chickpea NGIs, and pratensein can be useful for increasing nodulation efficiency in chickpea production.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis showed a clear difference in chickpea root exudates between nitrogen deficiency and control.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- nitrogen deficiencye1
- Outcome
- clear differencee1
- Value
- 37.5%e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Principal component (PC) analysis showed a clear difference between nitrogen deficiency and control, with PC1 alone accounting for 37.5% of the variance”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The intensity of two root-exudate features significantly increased under nitrogen deficiency.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen deficiencye2
- Outcome
- intensity of two featurese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The intensity of two features with the highest PC1 loading values significantly increased under nitrogen deficiency”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Two prominent root-exudate peaks were identified as the O-methylated isoflavones pratensein and biochanin A.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- identified as O -methylated isoflavonese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“two prominent peaks were identified as O -methylated isoflavones, pratensein and biochanin A”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratensein and biochanin A induced nodABC gene expression in the Mesorhizobium ciceri symbiont.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- pratensein and biochanin Ae3
- Interactor
- Mesorhizobium ciceriMesorhizobium cicerie4symbiont
- Gene
- nodABCe4
- Outcome
- nodABC gene expressione4
- Direction
- inducee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“two prominent peaks were identified as O -methylated isoflavones, pratensein and biochanin A”
e4“RNA-seq analysis showed that they induce nodABC gene expression in the Mesorhizobium ciceri symbiont”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratensein applied with M. ciceri at sowing promoted chickpea nodulation.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume5
- Treatment
- Pratensein applied concurrently with M. ciceri at sowinge5
- Interactor
- M. ciceriMesorhizobium cicerie5symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulatione5
- Direction
- promotede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Pratensein applied concurrently with M. ciceri at sowing promoted chickpea nodulation”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratensein and biochanin A are chickpea nod gene inducers.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Compound
- pratensein and biochanin Ae6
- Outcome
- chickpea NGIse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These results demonstrate that pratensein and biochanin A are chickpea NGIs”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Pratensein can be useful for increasing nodulation efficiency in chickpea production.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume7
- Outcome
- increasing nodulation efficiencye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“pratensein can be useful for increasing nodulation efficiency in chickpea production”
t0“Nodulation in Chickpea”
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