Abstract
Pakistan is among top three chickpea producing countries but the crop is usually grown on marginal lands without irrigation and fertilizer application which significantly hampers its yield. Soil fertility and inoculation with beneficial rhizobacteria play a key role in nodulation and yield of legumes. Four kabuli and six desi chickpea genotypes were, therefore, evaluated for inoculation response with IAA-producing Ochrobactrum ciceri Ca-34(T) and nitrogen fixing Mesorhizobium ciceri TAL-1148 in single and co-inoculation in two soils. The soil type 1 was previously unplanted marginal soil having low organic matter, P and N contents compared to soil type 2 which was a fertile routinely legume-cultivated soil. The effect of soil fertility status was pronounced and fertile soil on average, produced 31% more nodules, 62% more biomass and 111% grain yield than marginal soil. Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. ciceri produced on average higher nodules (42%), biomass (31%), grains yield (64%) and harvest index (72%) in both chickpea genotypes over non-inoculated controls in both soils. Soil 1 showed maximum relative effectiveness of Ca-34(T) inoculation for kabuli genotypes while soil 2 showed for desi genotypes except B8/02. Desi genotype B8/02 in soil type 1 and Pb-2008 in soil type 2 showed significant yield increase as compared to respective un-inoculated controls. Across bacterial inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated to growth and yield contributing parameters (r = 0.294(*) to 0.838(***) for desi and r = 0.388(*) to 0.857(**) for kabuli). PCA and CAT-PCA analyses clearly showed a site-specific response of genotype x bacterial inoculation. Furthermore, the inoculated bacterial strains were able to persist in the rhizosphere showing colonization on root and within nodules. Present study shows that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation should be integrated with national chickpea breading program in Pakistan especially for marginal soils. Furthermore, the study shows the potential of phytohormone producing strain Ca-34(T) as promising candidate for development of biofertilizer alongwith nodulating strains to get sustainable yield of kabuli and desi chickpea with minimum inputs at marginal land.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Fertile soil produced 31% more chickpea nodules than marginal soil.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Outcome
- nodulese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- marginal soile0
- Setting
- fertile soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertile soil on average, produced 31% more nodules, 62% more biomass and 111% grain yield than marginal soil”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertile soil produced 62% more chickpea biomass than marginal soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- marginal soile0
- Setting
- fertile soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertile soil on average, produced 31% more nodules, 62% more biomass and 111% grain yield than marginal soil”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertile soil produced 111% more chickpea grain yield than marginal soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 111%e0
- Comparator
- marginal soile0
- Setting
- fertile soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fertile soil on average, produced 31% more nodules, 62% more biomass and 111% grain yield than marginal soil”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with O. ciceri alone or with M. ciceri produced 42% more chickpea nodules than uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. cicerie0
- Interactor
- O. ciceriBrucella cicerie0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. ciceri produced on average higher nodules (42%), biomass (31%), grains yield (64%) and harvest index (72%) in both chickpea genotypes over non-inoculated controls in both soils”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with O. ciceri alone or with M. ciceri produced 31% more chickpea biomass than uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. cicerie0
- Interactor
- O. ciceriBrucella cicerie0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. ciceri produced on average higher nodules (42%), biomass (31%), grains yield (64%) and harvest index (72%) in both chickpea genotypes over non-inoculated controls in both soils”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with O. ciceri alone or with M. ciceri produced 64% higher chickpea grain yield than uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. cicerie0
- Interactor
- O. ciceriBrucella cicerie0symbiont
- Outcome
- grains yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. ciceri produced on average higher nodules (42%), biomass (31%), grains yield (64%) and harvest index (72%) in both chickpea genotypes over non-inoculated controls in both soils”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with O. ciceri alone or with M. ciceri produced 72% higher chickpea harvest index than uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. cicerie0
- Interactor
- O. ciceriBrucella cicerie0symbiont
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation either with O. ciceri alone or its co-inoculation with M. ciceri produced on average higher nodules (42%), biomass (31%), grains yield (64%) and harvest index (72%) in both chickpea genotypes over non-inoculated controls in both soils”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-34(T) inoculation was relatively most effective for kabuli genotypes in soil 1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- kabuli genotypese0
- Treatment
- Ca-34(T) inoculatione0
- Outcome
- relative effectivenesse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Setting
- Soil 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil 1 showed maximum relative effectiveness of Ca-34(T) inoculation for kabuli genotypes while soil 2 showed for desi genotypes except B8/02”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca-34(T) inoculation was relatively most effective for desi genotypes except B8/02 in soil 2.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- desi genotypese0
- Treatment
- Ca-34(T) inoculatione0
- Outcome
- relative effectivenesse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- except B8/02e0
- Setting
- soil 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil 1 showed maximum relative effectiveness of Ca-34(T) inoculation for kabuli genotypes while soil 2 showed for desi genotypes except B8/02”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated desi genotype B8/02 had significantly higher yield in soil 1 than its uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- B8/02e0
- Treatment
- inoculationt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated controlse0
- Setting
- soil type 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Desi genotype B8/02 in soil type 1 and Pb-2008 in soil type 2 showed significant yield increase as compared to respective un-inoculated controls”
t0“chickpea genotypes toward inoculation with PGPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated desi genotype Pb-2008 had significantly higher yield in soil 2 than its uninoculated control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- Pb-2008e0
- Treatment
- inoculationt0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- un-inoculated controlse0
- Setting
- soil type 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Desi genotype B8/02 in soil type 1 and Pb-2008 in soil type 2 showed significant yield increase as compared to respective un-inoculated controls”
t0“chickpea genotypes toward inoculation with PGPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Across inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated with growth and yield traits in desi chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- desie0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.294(*) to 0.838(***)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across bacterial inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated to growth and yield contributing parameters (r = 0.294(*) to 0.838(***) for desi and r = 0.388(*) to 0.857(**) for kabuli)”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Across inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated with growth and yield traits in kabuli chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- kabulie0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r = 0.388(*) to 0.857(**)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across bacterial inoculation treatments, grain yield was positively correlated to growth and yield contributing parameters (r = 0.294(*) to 0.838(***) for desi and r = 0.388(*) to 0.857(**) for kabuli)”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA analyses showed that chickpea genotype response to bacterial inoculation varied by site.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- site-specific responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PCA and CAT-PCA analyses clearly showed a site-specific response of genotype x bacterial inoculation”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The inoculated bacterial strains persisted in chickpea rhizospheres and colonized roots and nodules.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated bacterial strainse0
- Outcome
- colonization on root and within nodulese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculated bacterial strains were able to persist in the rhizosphere showing colonization on root and within nodules”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend incorporating PGPR inoculation into chickpea breeding in Pakistan, especially for marginal soils.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculatione0
- Outcome
- integrated with national chickpea breading programe0
- Qualifier
- especially for marginal soilse0
- Setting
- Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation should be integrated with national chickpea breading program in Pakistan especially for marginal soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Ca-34(T) with nodulating strains as a candidate biofertilizer for chickpea yield on marginal land.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Ca-34(T)e0
- Outcome
- sustainable yielde0
- Setting
- marginal lande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytohormone producing strain Ca-34(T) as promising candidate for development of biofertilizer alongwith nodulating strains to get sustainable yield of kabuli and desi chickpea with minimum inputs at marginal land”
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