Abstract
Few studies have investigated how one-time targeted tillage of long-term no-till fields impacts topsoil properties and weed dynamics. An on-farm trial was implemented in 2020 to test the effects of occasional tillage (OT) in Morocco with a long-term no-tillage (NT) system and rainfed field crops: durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ). Four treatments were established, namely, continuous NT with crop residues maintained (“NT + residue”); continuous NT with crop residues not maintained (“NT-residue”); shallow inversion tillage (“shallow OT”); and deep non-inversion tillage (“deep OT”). We assessed the effect of these treatments on soil physical and chemical properties in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths after crop harvest of the 2020–2021 (year 1) and 2021–2022 (year 2) growing seasons corresponding to 1 and 2 years after OT, respectively. In addition, we evaluated the effect of the treatments on weed populations and the effect of the legume crop rotated with wheat on soil nitrogen (N) and weed density. In year 1, deep OT reduced the water content at field capacity and available water capacity at 0–10 cm compared to continuous NT; the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) under deep OT was lower than in NT-residue and NT + residue at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, respectively. Furthermore, deep OT increased ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm compared to NT + residue but reduced exchangeable potassium (K) at 10–20 cm depth compared to NT-residue. In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue. However, deep OT had higher nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) and available sulfur (S) than NT-residue at 10–20 cm. Occasional tillage did not significantly affect 10 out of 19 of the soil properties evaluated, including soil organic matter (SOM), in all the years and did not help reduce the stratification of soil nutrients in NT. In year 1, 50 days after OT, deep OT reduced the weed density by 46% compared to NT + residue, while in year 2, 406 days after OT, shallow OT reduced weed density by 53% compared to NT-residue. Regarding the effect of the legume rotated with wheat, faba bean appeared to be the better preceding or following wheat crop as it resulted in higher residual soil mineral N and lower weed infestation than chickpea.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage reduced two topsoil water-capacity measures relative to continuous no till in year 1.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume1 - Organ / stage
- 0–10 cme0
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- water content at field capacity and available water capacitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- continuous NTe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, deep OT reduced the water content at field capacity and available water capacity at 0–10 cm compared to continuous NT”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage lowered cation-exchange capacity at 0–10 cm versus no till without residue in year 1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- cation-exchange capacitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 0–10 cme0
- Comparator
- NT-residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) under deep OT was lower than in NT-residue and NT + residue at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, respectively”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage lowered cation-exchange capacity at 10–20 cm versus no till with residue in year 1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- cation-exchange capacitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) under deep OT was lower than in NT-residue and NT + residue at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, respectively”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage raised ammonium N at both measured depths relative to no till with residue.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- ammonium-Ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0–10 and 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep OT increased ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm compared to NT + residue but reduced exchangeable potassium (K) at 10–20 cm depth compared to NT-residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage reduced exchangeable potassium at 10–20 cm relative to no till without residue.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- exchangeable potassiume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT-residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep OT increased ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) at 0–10 and 10–20 cm compared to NT + residue but reduced exchangeable potassium (K) at 10–20 cm depth compared to NT-residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow occasional tillage lowered total porosity at 10–20 cm in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- shallow OTe0
- Outcome
- total porositye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow occasional tillage raised water-stable aggregates in the topsoil in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- shallow OTe0
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregatese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 0–10 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage raised water-stable aggregates in the topsoil in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- water-stable aggregatese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 0–10 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage lowered cation-exchange capacity at 10–20 cm in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- CECe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, shallow OT had lower total porosity at 10–20 cm than NT + residue, while shallow and deep OT recorded higher water-stable aggregates at 0–10 cm than NT + residue; at 10–20 cm, deep OT recorded lower CEC than NT + residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage raised nitrate N at 10–20 cm in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- nitrate-Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT-residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep OT had higher nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) and available sulfur (S) than NT-residue at 10–20 cm”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage raised available sulfur at 10–20 cm in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- available sulfure0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cme0
- Comparator
- NT-residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deep OT had higher nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) and available sulfur (S) than NT-residue at 10–20 cm”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Occasional tillage had no significant effect on 10 of 19 soil properties, including soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Occasional tillagee0
- Outcome
- 10 out of 19 of the soil properties evaluated, including soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Value
- 10 out of 19e0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Occasional tillage did not significantly affect 10 out of 19 of the soil properties evaluated, including soil organic matter (SOM), in all the years and did not help reduce the stratification of soil nutrients in NT”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Occasional tillage did not reduce nutrient stratification under no till.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- Occasional tillagee0
- Outcome
- stratification of soil nutrientse0
- Direction
- did not help reducee0
- Comparator
- NTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Occasional tillage did not significantly affect 10 out of 19 of the soil properties evaluated, including soil organic matter (SOM), in all the years and did not help reduce the stratification of soil nutrients in NT”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep occasional tillage reduced weed density by 46% after 50 days in year 1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- deep OTe0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Qualifier
- 50 days after OTe0
- Comparator
- NT + residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, 50 days after OT, deep OT reduced the weed density by 46% compared to NT + residue, while in year 2, 406 days after OT, shallow OT reduced weed density by 53% compared to NT-residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow occasional tillage reduced weed density by 53% after 406 days in year 2.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume1
- Treatment
- shallow OTe0
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 53%e0
- Qualifier
- 406 days after OTe0
- Comparator
- NT-residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, 50 days after OT, deep OT reduced the weed density by 46% compared to NT + residue, while in year 2, 406 days after OT, shallow OT reduced weed density by 53% compared to NT-residue”
t0“10-year no-till system”
e1“durum wheat ( Triticum durum ), faba bean ( Vicia faba minor), and chickpea ( Cicer arietinum )”
Claim · model-written summary
Faba bean in rotation with wheat left more residual soil mineral nitrogen than chickpea.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- faba beane0
- Outcome
- residual soil mineral Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- chickpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“faba bean appeared to be the better preceding or following wheat crop as it resulted in higher residual soil mineral N and lower weed infestation than chickpea”
t0“10-year no-till system”
Claim · model-written summary
Faba bean in rotation with wheat left less weed infestation than chickpea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- faba beane0
- Outcome
- weed infestatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- chickpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“faba bean appeared to be the better preceding or following wheat crop as it resulted in higher residual soil mineral N and lower weed infestation than chickpea”
t0“10-year no-till system”
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