Abstract
• Cd contents in roots and shoot of Oryza granulata were the highest with BCF of Cd > 1. • The BCF and TF of Cr and Zn in Oryza rufupogon and Oryza officinalis was more than 1. • Oryza granulata had the largest thickness of endodermis, exodermis, thick-walled tissues and areas of stele and vessel. • Oryza rufupogon had the largest total root length and smallest areas of root vessel. • Oryza officinalis had the highest area of diameter and cross-sectional in root. Wild rice is a natural gene pool for modern cultivated rice germplasm resources. In the long process of independent evolution, wild rice has developed an extremely rich genetic diversity through natural selection in a variety of adverse environments. Wild rice is belonging to grade II of national protect plant in China and rarity. Field surveys were conducted to collect samples of seven Oryza granulata Balli., three Oryza rufupogon Griff. and three Oryza officinalis Wall. plants and relative native habitat soils from different sites in Yunnan province, China. The physical and chemical properties of soil, heavy metal (Hg, Cr, Ni, Sn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) contents of soil and plants, morphological and anatomical structural characteristics of wild rice roots were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH was predominantly acidic. The soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen of O. officinalis were all at low levels. Soil heavy metal contents (Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn and Pb) were below the standard values, except for the soil Cd contents of O. granulata , which reached the level of moderate to light contamination (>0.3 mg·g −1 , GB 15618–2018). O. granulata had the largest thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues and the the biggest areas of stele and vessel. O. officinalis had the most developed root system which had the highest area of diameter and cross-sectional in root. Compared to the other wild rice, Cd contents in roots and shoot of O. granulata were the highest. The bio-accumulation factor (BCF) of Cd was all higher than 1 in O. granulata and translocation coefficient(TC) of six heavy metals (Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Si and Pb) was the largest, which was higher than 1. The BCF of four heavy metal (Cr, Zn, Cd and Si) in O. rufupogon and O. officinalis was higher than 1 and TC of three heavy metals (Hg, Cr and Zn) was higher than 1. In conclusion, O. granulata increased the thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues to adapt the stress of soil Cd. O. rufupogon increased total root length to get more nutrition and O. officinalis increased diameter and cross-sectional area of root to adapt submerged environment.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza granulata had the thickest endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues and largest stele and vessel areas.
- Taxon
- O. granulataOryza meyeriana var. granulatae0
- Outcome
- largest thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues and the the biggest areas of stele and vessele0
Verbatim
e0“O. granulata had the largest thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues and the the biggest areas of stele and vessel.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza officinalis had the most developed root system and greatest root diameter and cross-sectional area.
- Taxon
- O. officinalisOryza officinalise0
- Outcome
- highest area of diameter and cross-sectional in roote0
Verbatim
e0“O. officinalis had the most developed root system which had the highest area of diameter and cross-sectional in root.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza granulata roots and shoots had the highest Cd contents among the wild rice species.
- Taxon
- O. granulataOryza meyeriana var. granulatae0
- Outcome
- Cd contents in roots and shoote0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other wild ricee0
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the other wild rice, Cd contents in roots and shoot of O. granulata were the highest.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza granulata had Cd bio-accumulation factors above one.
- Taxon
- O. granulataOryza meyeriana var. granulatae0
- Outcome
- bio-accumulation factor (BCF) of Cde0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 1e0
Verbatim
e0“The bio-accumulation factor (BCF) of Cd was all higher than 1 in O. granulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza granulata had translocation coefficients above one for six named heavy metals.
- Taxon
- O. granulataOryza meyeriana var. granulatae1
- Outcome
- translocation coefficient(TC) of six heavy metals (Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Si and Pb)e0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 1e0
Verbatim
e0“translocation coefficient(TC) of six heavy metals (Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Si and Pb) was the largest, which was higher than 1”
e1“O. granulata had the largest thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza rufupogon had bio-accumulation factors above one for Cr, Zn, Cd and Si.
Verbatim
e0“The BCF of four heavy metal (Cr, Zn, Cd and Si) in O. rufupogon and O. officinalis was higher than 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza officinalis had bio-accumulation factors above one for Cr, Zn, Cd and Si.
- Taxon
- O. officinalisOryza officinalise0
- Outcome
- BCF of four heavy metal (Cr, Zn, Cd and Si)e0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 1e0
Verbatim
e0“The BCF of four heavy metal (Cr, Zn, Cd and Si) in O. rufupogon and O. officinalis was higher than 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza rufupogon had translocation coefficients above one for Hg, Cr and Zn.
Verbatim
e0“O. rufupogon and O. officinalis was higher than 1 and TC of three heavy metals (Hg, Cr and Zn) was higher than 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza officinalis had translocation coefficients above one for Hg, Cr and Zn.
- Taxon
- O. officinalisOryza officinalise0
- Outcome
- TC of three heavy metals (Hg, Cr and Zn)e0
- Direction
- higher thane0
- Value
- 1e0
Verbatim
e0“O. rufupogon and O. officinalis was higher than 1 and TC of three heavy metals (Hg, Cr and Zn) was higher than 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza rufupogon increased total root length to obtain more nutrition.
Verbatim
e0“O. rufupogon increased total root length to get more nutrition”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza officinalis increased root diameter and cross-sectional area to adapt to submergence.
- Taxon
- O. officinalisOryza officinalise0
- Outcome
- diameter and cross-sectional area of roote0
- Qualifier
- submerged environmente0
Verbatim
e0“O. officinalis increased diameter and cross-sectional area of root to adapt submerged environment”
Claim · model-written summary
Oryza granulata increased root tissue thickness as an adaptation to soil Cd.
- Taxon
- O. granulataOryza meyeriana var. granulatae0
- Outcome
- thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissuese0
- Qualifier
- stress of soil Cde0
Verbatim
e0“O. granulata increased the thickness of endodermis, exodermis and thick-walled tissues to adapt the stress of soil Cd”