Abstract
Irrigation and nitrogen application rates have significant effects on greenhouse tomato yields, as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies, but little is known regarding how these rates affect plant–microbiome interactions and how the associated changes might impact tomato yields. In this greenhouse study conducted over two years, the effects of three irrigation levels (moderate deficit with 65–75% water holding capacity threshold, slight deficit with 75–85%, and sufficient irrigation with 85–95%) and four nitrogen application levels (60, 120, 240, and 360 kg ha−1) on tomato growth, yield, water and nitrogen productivities, and rhizosphere microbial diversities and functions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation. With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Overall, the treatment (N2W3) with sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 N was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities. Moreover, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application obviously altered the structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium. Ultimately, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation. In summary, optimal irrigation and fertilization enhanced tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivities by increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Our results provide significant implications for tomato cultivation in greenhouses, in terms of optimized irrigation and fertilization.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Sufficient irrigation gave the highest tomato leaf area and dry biomass.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- sufficient irrigatione0
- Outcome
- tomato leaf area, dry biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Sufficient irrigation gave the highest tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- sufficient irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sufficient irrigation gave the highest water and nitrogen productivities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- sufficient irrigatione0
- Outcome
- water and nitrogen productivitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen first raised then reduced tomato leaf area and biomass.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- tomato leaf area, dry biomasse0
- Direction
- first increasing and then decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen first raised then reduced tomato yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- first increasing and then decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen first raised then reduced water and nitrogen productivities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- water and nitrogen productivitiese0
- Direction
- first increasing and then decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing”
Claim · model-written summary
N2W3 was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield and water and nitrogen productivities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 Ne0
- Outcome
- tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment (N2W3) with sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 N was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal irrigation and nitrogen altered rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- optimal irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communitiese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal irrigation and nitrogen application obviously altered the structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal treatment recruited Lysobacter.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Lysobacter
Lysobactere0symbiont - Outcome
- recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal treatment recruited Bradyrhizobium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal irrigation and nitrogen significantly increased carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism functions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- optimal irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal irrigation and nitrogen significantly increased nitrogen fixation functions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- optimal irrigation and nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation”
t0“Tomato Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed improved tomato yield and productivities to increased microbiome nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- optimal irrigation and fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivitiese0
- Qualifier
- increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiomee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal irrigation and fertilization enhanced tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivities by increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiome”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
32 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →irrigation · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
105 papers in the same direction as this paper · 67 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
171 papers more in this group
See all 175 papers →irrigation · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
238 papers in the same direction as this paper · 98 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
340 papers more in this group
See all 344 papers →nitrogen · symbiosis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.