Abstract
Microbial activities are the dynamic core of nutrient cycling in organic substrates, and the exploitation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains contributes to sustainable agricultural development. This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Bacillus velezensis SX13 in nutrient cycling and plant promotion under different substrate supply conditions. The effects of reduced substrate amount (sCK) and inoculation of SX13 strain under both substrate supply conditions (Bv and sBv) on rhizosphere microenvironment and plant growth were investigated using conventional substrate amount (CK) as a control. Results showed no significant difference in the α-diversity indexes (Chao1 and Shannon) of the rhizospheric microbial community among the four treatments. However, nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed that compared with CK treatment, the inoculation of SX13 strain and reduced substrate supply reshaped the β-diversity structure of microbial communities. Furthermore, inoculation with B. velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (1.64%–2.46%), Acidobacteria (14.09%–43.07%), and Firmicutes (179.29%–861.29%). The results of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the metabolic pathway with the highest abundance of enriched genes was also the pathway with the most enriched differential genes caused by reducing substrate supply or inoculation of B. velezensis SX13. The rhizosphere inoculation of B. velezensis SX13 significantly up-regulated the top genes related to carbohydrate esterases, carbohydrate binding modules, glycoside hydrolases, glycoside transferases, and polysaccharide lyases. As a result, the activities of carbon and nitrogen cycle-related enzymes such as cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, urease, l -leucine amino peptidase, and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were increased, which in turn accelerated nutrient cycling. B. velezensis SX13 and its mediated improvement of the rhizospheric microenvironment resulted in the up-regulation of root CsNRT family genes (such as CsNRT1.1 , CsNRT1.4a , CsNRT1.4b , CsNRT1.5a , CsNRT1.5b , CsNRT1.5c , and CsNRT1.8 ), which accelerated nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and utilization efficiency and ultimately improved the yield and quality of cucumber. The effect of SX13 strain was more stable and efficient under conventional substrate supply conditions than under reduced substrate supply conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere alpha diversity did not significantly differ among four treatments.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Outcome
- α-diversity indexes (Chao1 and Shannon)e0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“no significant difference in the α-diversity indexes (Chao1 and Shannon) of the rhizospheric microbial community among the four treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 inoculation and reduced substrate supply reshaped rhizosphere beta diversity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation of SX13 strain and reduced substrate supplye0
- Interactor
- SX13 straine0other
- Outcome
- β-diversity structure of microbial communitiese0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“compared with CK treatment, the inoculation of SX13 strain and reduced substrate supply reshaped the β-diversity structure of microbial communities”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 inoculation increased Proteobacteria abundance by 1.64%–2.46%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with B. velezensis SX13e0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13
Bacillus velezensise0other - Outcome
- abundance of Proteobacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.64%–2.46%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“inoculation with B. velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (1.64%–2.46%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 inoculation increased Acidobacteria abundance by 14.09%–43.07%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with B. velezensis SX13e0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13Bacillus velezensise0other
- Outcome
- Acidobacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.09%–43.07%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“inoculation with B. velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (1.64%–2.46%), Acidobacteria (14.09%–43.07%)”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 inoculation increased Firmicutes abundance by 179.29%–861.29%.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- inoculation with B. velezensis SX13e0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13Bacillus velezensise0other
- Outcome
- Firmicutese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 179.29%–861.29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“inoculation with B. velezensis SX13 under both substrate supply conditions increased the abundance of Proteobacteria (1.64%–2.46%), Acidobacteria (14.09%–43.07%), and Firmicutes (179.29%–861.29%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The most abundant KEGG pathway also had the most differential genes following substrate reduction or inoculation.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13Bacillus velezensise0other
- Outcome
- metabolic pathway with the highest abundance of enriched genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“the metabolic pathway with the highest abundance of enriched genes was also the pathway with the most enriched differential genes caused by reducing substrate supply or inoculation of B. velezensis SX13”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 upregulated rhizosphere carbohydrate enzyme genes.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- rhizosphere inoculation of B. velezensis SX13e0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13Bacillus velezensise0other
- Outcome
- top genes related to carbohydrate esterases, carbohydrate binding modules, glycoside hydrolases, glycoside transferases, and polysaccharide lyasese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“The rhizosphere inoculation of B. velezensis SX13 significantly up-regulated the top genes related to carbohydrate esterases, carbohydrate binding modules, glycoside hydrolases, glycoside transferases, and polysaccharide lyases”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon and nitrogen cycling enzyme activities increased.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- activities of carbon and nitrogen cycle-related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“the activities of carbon and nitrogen cycle-related enzymes such as cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, urease, l -leucine amino peptidase, and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 increased root CsNRT family gene expression.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- B. velezensis SX13e0
- Interactor
- B. velezensis SX13Bacillus velezensise0other
- Gene
- CsNRT family genese0
- Outcome
- root CsNRT family genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“B. velezensis SX13 and its mediated improvement of the rhizospheric microenvironment resulted in the up-regulation of root CsNRT family genes (such as CsNRT1.1 , CsNRT1.4a , CsNRT1.4b , CsNRT1.5a , CsNRT1.5b , CsNRT1.5c , and CsNRT1.8 )”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 improved cucumber nitrogen uptake, accumulation and utilization efficiency.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and utilization efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“which accelerated nitrogen uptake, accumulation, and utilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 improved cucumber yield and quality.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Outcome
- yield and qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- ultimatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultimately improved the yield and quality of cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
SX13 was more stable and efficient with conventional than reduced substrate supply.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- conventional substrate supply conditionse0
- Interactor
- SX13 straine0other
- Outcome
- effect of SX13 straine0
- Direction
- more stable and efficiente0
- Comparator
- reduced substrate supply conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cucumber”
e0“The effect of SX13 strain was more stable and efficient under conventional substrate supply conditions than under reduced substrate supply conditions”
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