Abstract
Abstract What nutrient supply options can ensure maximum productivity and optimize the nutrient uptake of rice–wheat system (R-W system)? an experiment started in the year 1998 (19-year-old) to examine the impact of optimal nutrient supply (NS) strategies to maximize crop productivity and nutritional security in R-W system. To determine the best nutrient management strategies (BNMS), seven different NS methods were tested. These included (organic and mineral fertilizers), as well as combinations such as integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS), IPNS + B (berseem), and IPNS + C (cowpea), with the aim of enhancing the productivity and nutrient absorption of R-W system. Results showed that rice grain yield notably wide-ranging from 1.61 to 5.81 t ha −1 under different NS options and highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 ), which was at par with IPNS (5.79 t ha −1 ), STCR (soil test crop response) (5.76 t ha −1 ) and IPNS + B (5.67 t ha −1 ) followed by 100% recommended dose fertilizer NPK (4.41 t ha −1 ), which equality with OF (organic farming) (4.04 t ha −1 ) and lowest was recorded in control plot (1.61 t ha −1 ). Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options. The highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatments IPNS + B (5.86 t ha −1 ), IPNS (5.77 t ha −1 ), IPNS + C (5.48 t ha −1 ), and STCR (5.45 t ha −1 ), followed by OF at 4.49 t ha −1 , NPK at 3.76 t ha −1 , with the lowest in the control plot at 1.43 t ha −1 . Additionally, total phosphorus and sulfur accumulation in rice (grain: 8.41 to 39.09 kg ha −1 ; straw: 6.02 to 23.54 kg ha −1 ) varied significantly across nutrient supply treatments. Overall, adoption of IPNS integration with legumes (IPNS + B and IPNS + C), can significantly improve productivity and nutrient accumulation in R-W systems. Incorporating legumes into farming practices is advised for sustained productivity and nutritional benefits.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield ranged from 1.61 to 5.81 t/ha across nutrient supply options.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Value
- 1.61 to 5.81e0
- Qualifier
- under different NS optionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that rice grain yield notably wide-ranging from 1.61 to 5.81 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
IPNS + C gave the highest rice grain yield over 19 years, 5.81 t/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IPNS + Ce0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.81e0
- Qualifier
- mean of 19 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield under IPNS (5.79 t/ha) was at par with IPNS + C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- IPNSe0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Value
- 5.79e0
- Comparator
- IPNS + Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was at par with IPNS (5.79 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield under STCR (5.76 t/ha) was at par with IPNS + C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- STCR (soil test crop response)e0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Value
- 5.76e0
- Comparator
- IPNS + Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STCR (soil test crop response) (5.76 t ha −1 ) and IPNS + B (5.67 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
e2“which was at par with IPNS (5.79 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield under IPNS + B (5.67 t/ha) was at par with IPNS + C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- IPNS + Be0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Value
- 5.67e0
- Comparator
- IPNS + Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STCR (soil test crop response) (5.76 t ha −1 ) and IPNS + B (5.67 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
e2“which was at par with IPNS (5.79 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield under 100% recommended NPK (4.41 t/ha) was lower than under IPNS + C.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose fertilizer NPKe0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde1
- Value
- 4.41e0
- Comparator
- IPNS + Ce1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 100% recommended dose fertilizer NPK (4.41 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The control plot gave the lowest rice grain yield, 1.61 t/ha.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and lowest was recorded in control plot (1.61 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t/ha across nutrient supply options.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 1.43 to 5.86e0
- Qualifier
- under different NS optionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
IPNS + B gave the highest wheat yield over 19 years, 5.86 t/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- IPNS + Be0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.86e0
- Qualifier
- mean of 19 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatments IPNS + B (5.86 t ha −1 )”
e1“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield under IPNS was 5.77 t/ha, among the highest treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- IPNSe0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 5.77e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPNS (5.77 t ha −1 ), IPNS + C (5.48 t ha −1 ), and STCR (5.45 t ha −1 )”
e1“The highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatments IPNS + B (5.86 t ha −1 )”
e2“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield under IPNS + C was 5.48 t/ha, among the highest treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- IPNS + Ce0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 5.48e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPNS (5.77 t ha −1 ), IPNS + C (5.48 t ha −1 ), and STCR (5.45 t ha −1 )”
e1“The highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatments IPNS + B (5.86 t ha −1 )”
e2“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield under STCR was 5.45 t/ha, among the highest treatments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- STCRe0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 5.45e0
- Qualifier
- highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IPNS (5.77 t ha −1 ), IPNS + C (5.48 t ha −1 ), and STCR (5.45 t ha −1 )”
e1“The highest yield (mean of 19 years) was observed in treatments IPNS + B (5.86 t ha −1 )”
e2“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield under organic farming was 4.49 t/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Value
- 4.49e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by OF at 4.49 t ha −1 , NPK at 3.76 t ha −1 , with the lowest in the control plot at 1.43 t ha −1”
e1“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield under 100% recommended NPK was 3.76 t/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Value
- 3.76e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by OF at 4.49 t ha −1 , NPK at 3.76 t ha −1 , with the lowest in the control plot at 1.43 t ha −1”
e1“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
The control plot gave the lowest wheat grain yield, 1.43 t/ha.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- control plote0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1.43e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by OF at 4.49 t ha −1 , NPK at 3.76 t ha −1 , with the lowest in the control plot at 1.43 t ha −1”
e1“Wheat grain yield varied significantly from 1.43 to 5.86 t ha −1 under different NS options”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain phosphorus and sulfur accumulation in rice ranged from 8.41 to 39.09 kg/ha and varied significantly across nutrient supply treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- nutrient supply treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phosphorus and sulfur accumulatione0
- Value
- 8.41 to 39.09e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phosphorus and sulfur accumulation in rice (grain: 8.41 to 39.09 kg ha −1 ; straw: 6.02 to 23.54 kg ha −1 ) varied significantly across nutrient supply treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw phosphorus and sulfur accumulation in rice ranged from 6.02 to 23.54 kg/ha and varied significantly across nutrient supply treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- strawe0
- Treatment
- nutrient supply treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total phosphorus and sulfur accumulatione0
- Value
- 6.02 to 23.54e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phosphorus and sulfur accumulation in rice (grain: 8.41 to 39.09 kg ha −1 ; straw: 6.02 to 23.54 kg ha −1 ) varied significantly across nutrient supply treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrating legumes with IPNS (IPNS + B and IPNS + C) can significantly improve productivity and nutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IPNS integration with legumes (IPNS + B and IPNS + C)e1
- Outcome
- productivity and nutrient accumulatione1
- Direction
- improvee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that rice grain yield notably wide-ranging from 1.61 to 5.81 t ha −1 under different NS options”
e1“adoption of IPNS integration with legumes (IPNS + B and IPNS + C), can significantly improve productivity and nutrient accumulation in R-W systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic farming gave rice grain yield equal to NPK, 4.04 t/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Value
- 4.04e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which equality with OF (organic farming) (4.04 t ha −1 )”
e1“highest rice grain yield (mean of 19 years) was observed at IPNS + C (5.81 t ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise incorporating legumes into farming practices for sustained productivity and nutritional benefits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Incorporating legumes into farming practicese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that rice grain yield notably wide-ranging from 1.61 to 5.81 t ha −1 under different NS options”
e1“Incorporating legumes into farming practices is advised for sustained productivity and nutritional benefits”
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fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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