Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop yield sustainability and soil quality in a long-term trial initiated during the wet season of 1971 under a humid subtropical climate. Over 41 years of study, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + farm yard manure (FYM) at 15 t ha−1 recorded the most sustainable grain yields. Optimal and superoptimal NPK fertilizers gave quite similar crop yields to that of 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 up to two decades but thereafter yields declined sharply due to emergence of zinc (Zn) deficiency. The sustainable yield index (SYI) values indicated that wheat yields were more sustainable than rice. Soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, and Zn in the control plot decreased the most, whereas 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 improved available N, P and K, maintained soil organic carbon, and decreased Zn over initial levels. Grain yield and SYI were more significantly correlated with Soil Organic Carbon (SOC). Continuous application of FYM contributed the maximum Soil Quality Index (SQI) (0.94), followed by Zn.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure produced the most sustainable grain yields over 41 years.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + farm yard manure (FYM) at 15 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- most sustainablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over 41 years of study, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + farm yard manure (FYM) at 15 t ha−1 recorded the most sustainable grain yields.”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal and superoptimal NPK yields declined sharply after two decades as zinc deficiency emerged.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Optimal and superoptimal NPK fertilizerse0
- Compound
- zinc (Zn)e0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- declined sharplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal and superoptimal NPK fertilizers gave quite similar crop yields to that of 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 up to two decades but thereafter yields declined sharply due to emergence of zinc (Zn) deficiency.”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yields were more sustainable than rice yields.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- more sustainablee0
- Comparator
- ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat yields were more sustainable than rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control soil lost the most organic carbon and available N, P, K and Zn.
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, and Zne0
- Direction
- decreased the moste0
- Setting
- control plote0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, and Zn in the control plot decreased the most”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure improved available soil N, P and K.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 improved available N, P and K”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure maintained soil organic carbon.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 improved available N, P and K, maintained soil organic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure reduced soil zinc below initial levels.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 improved available N, P and K, maintained soil organic carbon, and decreased Zn over initial levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and sustainable yield index correlated more strongly with soil organic carbon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)e0
- Outcome
- Grain yield and SYIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and SYI were more significantly correlated with Soil Organic Carbon (SOC).”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous farmyard manure gave the highest soil quality index of 0.94.
- Treatment
- Continuous application of FYMe0
- Outcome
- Soil Quality Index (SQI)e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.94e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Continuous application of FYM contributed the maximum Soil Quality Index (SQI) (0.94), followed by Zn.”
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